NSG 533 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 3 PRACTICE EVALUATION 2026
QUESTION BANK FULL SOLUTION SET
◉ The "why" of disease- what is the reason for it- what caused it to
happen? May be simple/complex.
Answer: etiology
◉ Looks at the pattern of disease among groups or aggregates or
populations. This component of disease represents the relationship
between numerous population characteristics (e.g. age, ethnicity,
socioeconomic status, geographic location) and the incidence and
prevalence of disease.
Answer: Epidemiology
◉ Involves the sequence of events that occurs between the stimulus
event(s) and the manifestations of the disease.
Answer: pathogenesis
◉ Tell an individual and their health care provider that something is
wrong. e.g. Signs and symptoms
Answer: Clinical manifestations
,◉ Are relatively easy to understand if you review their definitions
(cure, remission, chronicity, or death)
Answer: Outcomes
◉ What are the 4 common mechanisms that characterize all cell
injury and death? Give 2 examples of each.
Answer: 1. ATP depletion- Ischemia and Anemia
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals- Chemical and radiation
injury, ischemia reperfusion injury, microbial killing by phagocytes,
and cellular aging
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state- Ischemia
and certain chemicals
4. Defects in membrane permeability- Certain medications that can
lead to liver or kidney damage
◉ The disease mechanism that is the basis of much of the disease
today- and most of the cases involve hypoxia. Refers to the inability
of the cell to produce adequate energy to fuel normal activities of
that particular cell type (cell membrane pumps and protein
synthesis) and function.
Answer: ATP depletion
,◉ A very inefficient method of ATP production (yields 2 ATP)
Answer: glycolysis
◉ Is a very efficient method of ATP production (yields 36 ATP)
Answer: Oxidative Phosphorylation
◉ What is the most common method of impairing oxygen and ATP
production?
Answer: hypoxia
◉ Can lead to irreversible cell injury directly through impairment of
energy production in the cell.
Answer: Ischemia
◉ What are the cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced-
hypoxic injury?
Answer: 1. The amount of ATP production within the mitochondria
declines
2. The drop in ATP causes NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Which
then leads to increase in NA+,H2O, and Ca+ in cell and decrease in
K+ in cell.
3. Increase in water in cell causes cell and it's organelles to swell.
, 4. When RER swell it's ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis stops.
5. ATP production through phosphorylation declines and glycolysis
(anaerobic metabolism) increases. When glycolysis increases in the
cell glycogen stores are depleted.
6. Glycolysis also produces lactic acid as by-product. Glycolysis also =
intracellular pH decline ( the cell functions within narrow range of
pH and even slight drop can incapacitate the cell).
7. Drop in pH causes clumping of nuclear material called pyknosis.
Leads to fragmentation of the nuclear material (karyorrhexis) and
then to dissolution of nuclear membrane (karyolysis). Decline in
pH= rupture of already swollen lysosomes and release of proteolytic
enzymes= autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane.
8. Disruption of CM also increases Ca+ influx into the cell and
organelles= activate proteases, endonucleases, and phospholipases
that proceed to destroy the cell.
◉ Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron in its outer ring.
They have a particular affinity for lipid substances. They combine
avidly with cell or organelle membrane. "Drill a hole" in the
membrane of cell. They are normal byproducts of cellular
metabolism, and they are always present in the body.
Answer: Free radicals
◉ Chemically reactive molecules that are formed as natural oxidant
species in cells during mitochondrial respiration and energy
EXAM 3 PRACTICE EVALUATION 2026
QUESTION BANK FULL SOLUTION SET
◉ The "why" of disease- what is the reason for it- what caused it to
happen? May be simple/complex.
Answer: etiology
◉ Looks at the pattern of disease among groups or aggregates or
populations. This component of disease represents the relationship
between numerous population characteristics (e.g. age, ethnicity,
socioeconomic status, geographic location) and the incidence and
prevalence of disease.
Answer: Epidemiology
◉ Involves the sequence of events that occurs between the stimulus
event(s) and the manifestations of the disease.
Answer: pathogenesis
◉ Tell an individual and their health care provider that something is
wrong. e.g. Signs and symptoms
Answer: Clinical manifestations
,◉ Are relatively easy to understand if you review their definitions
(cure, remission, chronicity, or death)
Answer: Outcomes
◉ What are the 4 common mechanisms that characterize all cell
injury and death? Give 2 examples of each.
Answer: 1. ATP depletion- Ischemia and Anemia
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals- Chemical and radiation
injury, ischemia reperfusion injury, microbial killing by phagocytes,
and cellular aging
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state- Ischemia
and certain chemicals
4. Defects in membrane permeability- Certain medications that can
lead to liver or kidney damage
◉ The disease mechanism that is the basis of much of the disease
today- and most of the cases involve hypoxia. Refers to the inability
of the cell to produce adequate energy to fuel normal activities of
that particular cell type (cell membrane pumps and protein
synthesis) and function.
Answer: ATP depletion
,◉ A very inefficient method of ATP production (yields 2 ATP)
Answer: glycolysis
◉ Is a very efficient method of ATP production (yields 36 ATP)
Answer: Oxidative Phosphorylation
◉ What is the most common method of impairing oxygen and ATP
production?
Answer: hypoxia
◉ Can lead to irreversible cell injury directly through impairment of
energy production in the cell.
Answer: Ischemia
◉ What are the cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced-
hypoxic injury?
Answer: 1. The amount of ATP production within the mitochondria
declines
2. The drop in ATP causes NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Which
then leads to increase in NA+,H2O, and Ca+ in cell and decrease in
K+ in cell.
3. Increase in water in cell causes cell and it's organelles to swell.
, 4. When RER swell it's ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis stops.
5. ATP production through phosphorylation declines and glycolysis
(anaerobic metabolism) increases. When glycolysis increases in the
cell glycogen stores are depleted.
6. Glycolysis also produces lactic acid as by-product. Glycolysis also =
intracellular pH decline ( the cell functions within narrow range of
pH and even slight drop can incapacitate the cell).
7. Drop in pH causes clumping of nuclear material called pyknosis.
Leads to fragmentation of the nuclear material (karyorrhexis) and
then to dissolution of nuclear membrane (karyolysis). Decline in
pH= rupture of already swollen lysosomes and release of proteolytic
enzymes= autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane.
8. Disruption of CM also increases Ca+ influx into the cell and
organelles= activate proteases, endonucleases, and phospholipases
that proceed to destroy the cell.
◉ Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron in its outer ring.
They have a particular affinity for lipid substances. They combine
avidly with cell or organelle membrane. "Drill a hole" in the
membrane of cell. They are normal byproducts of cellular
metabolism, and they are always present in the body.
Answer: Free radicals
◉ Chemically reactive molecules that are formed as natural oxidant
species in cells during mitochondrial respiration and energy
