NSG 533 ADVANCED
PHARMACOLOGY TEST 1 2026 TEST
PAPER VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
◉ according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"?
Answer: - do not have HF, but at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
◉ according to the universal definition, what is "HF"
Answer: - clinical syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
◉ who is most at risk for HF
Answer: black males and females; older women
◉ two biggest causes of HF
Answer: 1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
,◉ calculate EF
Answer: SV/LVEDV
◉ synonym for inotropy
Answer: contraction (HFrEF)
◉ synonym for lusitropy
Answer: relaxation (HFpEF)
◉ two organizations for classification of HF
Answer: 1. American Heart Assocation (A,B,C,D) - based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on
physical activity limitations
◉ how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF
Answer: cardiac dysfunction has structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities,
they have HF
◉ compensatory mechanisms for HF
Answer: 1. Hemodynamics (Frank Starling Law) - can give inotropes as
short term use to increase contractility (long-term can cause mortality)
,2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor -
vasoconstriction)
◉ two types of angiotensin II
Answer: 1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
◉ effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF
Answer: - causes vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
◉ are aldosterone levels high or low in HF?
Answer: 20x higher than normal
◉ effects of aldosterone on HF
Answer: - increases sodium and water reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
, - sympathetic activation
◉ list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease
Answer: - dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
- novel risk factors
◉ what are two classes of medications an individual with HFrEF will be
started on?
Answer: 1. beta blocker (to counter SNS)
2. ACEi (to counter RAAS)
◉ what hormones worsen HF
Answer: - Angiontensin II (RAAS)
- catecholamines (SNS)
- endothelin
- aldosterone
◉ hormones that are good for HF
Answer: - natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP)
- adrenmedullin
PHARMACOLOGY TEST 1 2026 TEST
PAPER VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
◉ according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"?
Answer: - do not have HF, but at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
◉ according to the universal definition, what is "HF"
Answer: - clinical syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
◉ who is most at risk for HF
Answer: black males and females; older women
◉ two biggest causes of HF
Answer: 1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
,◉ calculate EF
Answer: SV/LVEDV
◉ synonym for inotropy
Answer: contraction (HFrEF)
◉ synonym for lusitropy
Answer: relaxation (HFpEF)
◉ two organizations for classification of HF
Answer: 1. American Heart Assocation (A,B,C,D) - based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on
physical activity limitations
◉ how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF
Answer: cardiac dysfunction has structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities,
they have HF
◉ compensatory mechanisms for HF
Answer: 1. Hemodynamics (Frank Starling Law) - can give inotropes as
short term use to increase contractility (long-term can cause mortality)
,2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor -
vasoconstriction)
◉ two types of angiotensin II
Answer: 1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
◉ effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF
Answer: - causes vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
◉ are aldosterone levels high or low in HF?
Answer: 20x higher than normal
◉ effects of aldosterone on HF
Answer: - increases sodium and water reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
, - sympathetic activation
◉ list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease
Answer: - dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
- novel risk factors
◉ what are two classes of medications an individual with HFrEF will be
started on?
Answer: 1. beta blocker (to counter SNS)
2. ACEi (to counter RAAS)
◉ what hormones worsen HF
Answer: - Angiontensin II (RAAS)
- catecholamines (SNS)
- endothelin
- aldosterone
◉ hormones that are good for HF
Answer: - natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP)
- adrenmedullin
