Bio 1500-Lab 7 test Questions and
Answers.
Describe the likely response of Andean hummingbirds to climate change. - Answer
Hummingbirds with low altitude Hb are more likely to survive.
low-elevation bird species displace higher elevation ones as temperatures warm up.
Predict which species of Andean hummingbirds have a higher/lower probability of surviving
climate change. - Answer predicted upwards movement is underway, but this study suggests
this may not last long because the mutations necessary to allow species to colonise and thrive
in high-elevation habitats may not occur quickly enough. As a consequence, low altitude species
may die out before adapting to higher elevations, which may protect high-altitude species from
direct competition for limited resources
Explain why Dr. Schul is studying katydids, even though he doesn't care about katydids. - Answer
Because they are very well suited to study important evolutionary and neurobiological
problems.
Identify content and questions from our 'high altitude breathing unit' that correspond to
different levels of biological organization - Answer 1. Hummingbird distributions in the
Andes: Evolutionary
2. How new Hb alleles spread through populations: Evolutionary
Describe the structure of viruses - Answer Viruses contain no organelles/cellular machinery.
In the most simple viruses genetic material is in a capsid (protein coat). They cannot reproduce
without help from the cell.
All viruses contain nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA (but not both), and a protein coat, which
encases the nucleic acid
Virus particles (known as virions) consist of two or three parts: the genetic material made from
either DNA or RNA; a protein coat that protects these genes (a capsid--the complete unit of
nucleic acid and capsid is called nucleocapsid); and in some cases an envelope of lipids that
surrounds the protein coat when they are outside a cell (that is derived from the host's cell
membrane). The shapes of viruses range from simple helical and icosahedral forms to more
complex structures.
, Recall the features by which viruses are categorized - Answer Categorized by capsid size and
shape (helical, spherical, head-tail) and genetic material (DNA vs. RNA, positive- read directly vs.
negative-must be copied into complimentary bases) and envelope (presence or absence).
Recall the general steps of viral reproduction - Answer 1. attach to the surface of the cell,
often via receptor.
2. enter cell or inject viral genome into cell.
3. viral genes direct cell to produce viral proteins
4. viral proteins assembled into new virons
5. new virons leave cell.
Know the features of Corona viruses - Answer Spherical with envelope. Positive RNA. Hosts
are birds and mammals.
Describe two pathways by which SARS-CoV-2 enters cells - Answer endocytotic pathway and
receptor-mediated fusion
endocytotic pathway - Answer virus taken into endosome= membrane bound vesicle; virus
fuses with endosome membrane, empties genome into host, capthepsin (enzyme) modifies
spike proteins to allow fusion with membrane.
receptor-mediated fusion - Answer bind to receptor on surface of cell, fuse with cell
membrane, empty genes into host cell.
Explain the role of the spike protein in initiating infection - Answer Allows fusion with
membrane, binds to ACE2 receptors. Spike protein must be modified by TMPRSS2 to fuse with
host cell.
Describe how ACE and ACE2 proteins maintain homeostasis and how it is disrupted by the virus
- Answer ACE makes ANG2 and increases BP and inflammation which is good but too long
will cause damage to tissues, including alveoli and blood vessel linings. This is why we need
ACE2, it manages BP and inflammation but also allows viruses in. when this happens ACE2
receptors are lost to the virus and cause too much ANG2 and causes more inflammation and cell
damage.
Describe the viral genome - Answer Approximately 30,000 RNA bases consistuteza genes.
2/3 is open-reading frame.
Know what an Open Reading Frame is. - Answer An open reading frame is a stretch of RNA
that is translated all at once.
Answers.
Describe the likely response of Andean hummingbirds to climate change. - Answer
Hummingbirds with low altitude Hb are more likely to survive.
low-elevation bird species displace higher elevation ones as temperatures warm up.
Predict which species of Andean hummingbirds have a higher/lower probability of surviving
climate change. - Answer predicted upwards movement is underway, but this study suggests
this may not last long because the mutations necessary to allow species to colonise and thrive
in high-elevation habitats may not occur quickly enough. As a consequence, low altitude species
may die out before adapting to higher elevations, which may protect high-altitude species from
direct competition for limited resources
Explain why Dr. Schul is studying katydids, even though he doesn't care about katydids. - Answer
Because they are very well suited to study important evolutionary and neurobiological
problems.
Identify content and questions from our 'high altitude breathing unit' that correspond to
different levels of biological organization - Answer 1. Hummingbird distributions in the
Andes: Evolutionary
2. How new Hb alleles spread through populations: Evolutionary
Describe the structure of viruses - Answer Viruses contain no organelles/cellular machinery.
In the most simple viruses genetic material is in a capsid (protein coat). They cannot reproduce
without help from the cell.
All viruses contain nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA (but not both), and a protein coat, which
encases the nucleic acid
Virus particles (known as virions) consist of two or three parts: the genetic material made from
either DNA or RNA; a protein coat that protects these genes (a capsid--the complete unit of
nucleic acid and capsid is called nucleocapsid); and in some cases an envelope of lipids that
surrounds the protein coat when they are outside a cell (that is derived from the host's cell
membrane). The shapes of viruses range from simple helical and icosahedral forms to more
complex structures.
, Recall the features by which viruses are categorized - Answer Categorized by capsid size and
shape (helical, spherical, head-tail) and genetic material (DNA vs. RNA, positive- read directly vs.
negative-must be copied into complimentary bases) and envelope (presence or absence).
Recall the general steps of viral reproduction - Answer 1. attach to the surface of the cell,
often via receptor.
2. enter cell or inject viral genome into cell.
3. viral genes direct cell to produce viral proteins
4. viral proteins assembled into new virons
5. new virons leave cell.
Know the features of Corona viruses - Answer Spherical with envelope. Positive RNA. Hosts
are birds and mammals.
Describe two pathways by which SARS-CoV-2 enters cells - Answer endocytotic pathway and
receptor-mediated fusion
endocytotic pathway - Answer virus taken into endosome= membrane bound vesicle; virus
fuses with endosome membrane, empties genome into host, capthepsin (enzyme) modifies
spike proteins to allow fusion with membrane.
receptor-mediated fusion - Answer bind to receptor on surface of cell, fuse with cell
membrane, empty genes into host cell.
Explain the role of the spike protein in initiating infection - Answer Allows fusion with
membrane, binds to ACE2 receptors. Spike protein must be modified by TMPRSS2 to fuse with
host cell.
Describe how ACE and ACE2 proteins maintain homeostasis and how it is disrupted by the virus
- Answer ACE makes ANG2 and increases BP and inflammation which is good but too long
will cause damage to tissues, including alveoli and blood vessel linings. This is why we need
ACE2, it manages BP and inflammation but also allows viruses in. when this happens ACE2
receptors are lost to the virus and cause too much ANG2 and causes more inflammation and cell
damage.
Describe the viral genome - Answer Approximately 30,000 RNA bases consistuteza genes.
2/3 is open-reading frame.
Know what an Open Reading Frame is. - Answer An open reading frame is a stretch of RNA
that is translated all at once.
