FSHN Exam 4 – Food Science and Human Nutrition – Review Notes and Practice
Material
NPO means - ✔✔"nothing by mouth" may not eat or drink, nothing but clear liquid (stroke,
tumor, surgery, not alert enough to safely eat)
barriers that adults have that make healthy eating challenging (5) - ✔✔income, social support,
readiness for change, knowledge deficits, managing severe chronic illnesses
why is having a higher BMI recommended for an OLDER adult? - ✔✔Older adults are more
prone to falls but there's a theory that if they have more cushion on them, that when they do
fall, there will be less of a fracture risk. And there are better outcomes associated with higher
BMIs in the hospital setting. It's common for people to lose weight in the hospital, so if they
have more cushion on them then there's less of a chance for them to fall into a severely low
BMI range.
why do OLDER adults need more protein compared to younger adults - ✔✔protein depends on
cancer, wounds, chronic kidney disease, if they had surgery, etc. Also to preserve lean body
mass because they are at risk for the loss of lean body mass (difficult to get back after it's lost)
3 types of malnutrition - ✔✔acute malnutrition - 2 of the 6 criteria, related to an acute illness,
expected to get better within 3 months
chronic malnutrition - problem related to something greater than 3 months or a chronic
condition
starvation-related malnutrition - due to depression, food insecurity, alcohol abuse, eating
disorders, more of a social/environmental problem
,long-term effects of COVID (7) - ✔✔loss of taste and smell, education, malnutrition,
tracheostomy/PEG tube, debility, strokes, increased admission into assisted living and extended
care facilities
early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood - ✔✔early adulthood: ages 20-39
middle adulthood: ages 40-64
later adulthood: ages 65+ (but older adults are 60+?)
What is the sandwich generation? - ✔✔people in their 50s that are multigenerational
caregivers. They care for their children and aging parents, while maintaining a career.
- health concerns are frequently added to list of responsibilities
- chronic diseases usually diagnosed at this age or are managing identified risk factors to
prevent diseases
atherogenic - ✔✔cardiovascular (heart disease) causing; tending to promote the formation of
fatty plaques in the arteries, promotes atherosclerosis
the continuum of nutritional health in adulthood (7) - ✔✔nutritional state --> resilient and
healthy --> altered substrate availability --> nonspecific signs and symptoms --> clinical condition
--> chronic condition --> terminal illness and death
Nutritional health can be viewed as a continuum , ranging from "healthy" and resilient to the
terminal state in which the body systems shut down and life ceases. According to the
Continuum of Nutritional Health, changes occurring at the cellular level are initially insidious
and unnoticed. Alterations progress over a long period and are reversible up to a point. But in
the face of continued poor nutrition, permanent damage occurs. Altered nutrient intakes
produce early changes in metabolic process that are preclinical stages of illness. This "injury"
may not manifest itself until permanent damage has occurred. In the absence of signs and
symptoms and awareness of a "problem," adults might not be especially concerned about food
choices or motivated to adjust lifestyle behaviors.
, the physiological changes of adulthood (6) - ✔✔- growing stops by the 20s
- bone density continues until 30
- muscular strength peaks around 25-30
- decline in size and mass of muscle and increase in body fat
- dexterity and flexibility decline
- hearing and vision loss
body comp changes of adulthood (3) - ✔✔- bone loss begins around age 40
- positive energy balance resulting in increase in weight and adiposity; decrease in muscle mass
- fat redistribution - gains in the central and intra-abdominal space, decrease in subcutaneous
fat
age-related changes of adulthood (2) - ✔✔- metabolic rate and energy expenditure begin to
decline in early adulthood (about 2.9% for men and 2% for women per decade) (reductions
correspond to declines in physical activity and lean body mass)
- compensatory adjustments of intake and expenditure may be superseded now compared to
past
risk nutrients for adults & their food sources (11) - ✔✔fiber
calcium - yogurt, cheese, milk, broccoli, fortified orange juice
vitamin D - salmon, tuna, milk, sardines, cod liver oil
vitamin E - peanuts, pumpkin, almonds, sunflower seeds
folate - lean green vegetables, whole grains, beans, seafood
potassium (K) - potatoes, avocados, winter squash, bananas
magnesium (Mg) - dark green leafy vegetables, whole grains, yogurt, pumpkin seeds
Material
NPO means - ✔✔"nothing by mouth" may not eat or drink, nothing but clear liquid (stroke,
tumor, surgery, not alert enough to safely eat)
barriers that adults have that make healthy eating challenging (5) - ✔✔income, social support,
readiness for change, knowledge deficits, managing severe chronic illnesses
why is having a higher BMI recommended for an OLDER adult? - ✔✔Older adults are more
prone to falls but there's a theory that if they have more cushion on them, that when they do
fall, there will be less of a fracture risk. And there are better outcomes associated with higher
BMIs in the hospital setting. It's common for people to lose weight in the hospital, so if they
have more cushion on them then there's less of a chance for them to fall into a severely low
BMI range.
why do OLDER adults need more protein compared to younger adults - ✔✔protein depends on
cancer, wounds, chronic kidney disease, if they had surgery, etc. Also to preserve lean body
mass because they are at risk for the loss of lean body mass (difficult to get back after it's lost)
3 types of malnutrition - ✔✔acute malnutrition - 2 of the 6 criteria, related to an acute illness,
expected to get better within 3 months
chronic malnutrition - problem related to something greater than 3 months or a chronic
condition
starvation-related malnutrition - due to depression, food insecurity, alcohol abuse, eating
disorders, more of a social/environmental problem
,long-term effects of COVID (7) - ✔✔loss of taste and smell, education, malnutrition,
tracheostomy/PEG tube, debility, strokes, increased admission into assisted living and extended
care facilities
early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood - ✔✔early adulthood: ages 20-39
middle adulthood: ages 40-64
later adulthood: ages 65+ (but older adults are 60+?)
What is the sandwich generation? - ✔✔people in their 50s that are multigenerational
caregivers. They care for their children and aging parents, while maintaining a career.
- health concerns are frequently added to list of responsibilities
- chronic diseases usually diagnosed at this age or are managing identified risk factors to
prevent diseases
atherogenic - ✔✔cardiovascular (heart disease) causing; tending to promote the formation of
fatty plaques in the arteries, promotes atherosclerosis
the continuum of nutritional health in adulthood (7) - ✔✔nutritional state --> resilient and
healthy --> altered substrate availability --> nonspecific signs and symptoms --> clinical condition
--> chronic condition --> terminal illness and death
Nutritional health can be viewed as a continuum , ranging from "healthy" and resilient to the
terminal state in which the body systems shut down and life ceases. According to the
Continuum of Nutritional Health, changes occurring at the cellular level are initially insidious
and unnoticed. Alterations progress over a long period and are reversible up to a point. But in
the face of continued poor nutrition, permanent damage occurs. Altered nutrient intakes
produce early changes in metabolic process that are preclinical stages of illness. This "injury"
may not manifest itself until permanent damage has occurred. In the absence of signs and
symptoms and awareness of a "problem," adults might not be especially concerned about food
choices or motivated to adjust lifestyle behaviors.
, the physiological changes of adulthood (6) - ✔✔- growing stops by the 20s
- bone density continues until 30
- muscular strength peaks around 25-30
- decline in size and mass of muscle and increase in body fat
- dexterity and flexibility decline
- hearing and vision loss
body comp changes of adulthood (3) - ✔✔- bone loss begins around age 40
- positive energy balance resulting in increase in weight and adiposity; decrease in muscle mass
- fat redistribution - gains in the central and intra-abdominal space, decrease in subcutaneous
fat
age-related changes of adulthood (2) - ✔✔- metabolic rate and energy expenditure begin to
decline in early adulthood (about 2.9% for men and 2% for women per decade) (reductions
correspond to declines in physical activity and lean body mass)
- compensatory adjustments of intake and expenditure may be superseded now compared to
past
risk nutrients for adults & their food sources (11) - ✔✔fiber
calcium - yogurt, cheese, milk, broccoli, fortified orange juice
vitamin D - salmon, tuna, milk, sardines, cod liver oil
vitamin E - peanuts, pumpkin, almonds, sunflower seeds
folate - lean green vegetables, whole grains, beans, seafood
potassium (K) - potatoes, avocados, winter squash, bananas
magnesium (Mg) - dark green leafy vegetables, whole grains, yogurt, pumpkin seeds
