BIOS 242: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM (2026) QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES/GRADED A+/2026
UPDATE/100% CORRECT
/INSTANT DOWNLOAD
Section I: Multiple Choice (50 questions, 1 point each)
1. Which of the following best describes homeostasis?
a) Maintaining a fixed internal environment
b) Dynamic equilibrium with compensatory mechanisms
c) A state of zero metabolic activity
d) Complete dependence on external temperature
Rationale: Homeostasis involves constant adjustments via feedback loops, not
absolute stability.
2. The primary ion responsible for depolarization of a neuron during an action
potential is:
a) Cl⁻
b) K⁺
c) Na⁺
d) Ca²⁺
Rationale: Voltage-gated Na⁺ channels open, allowing rapid Na⁺ influx.
3. Which autonomic receptor is associated with postganglionic sympathetic fibers
targeting sweat glands?
a) Alpha-1
b) Beta-2
, c) Muscarinic (M3)
d) Nicotinic
Rationale: Sympathetic cholinergic fibers to sweat glands release ACh acting on
muscarinic receptors.
4. The cardiac pacemaker that sets the normal heart rhythm is the:
a) AV node
b) Purkinje fibers
c) SA node
d) Bundle of His
Rationale: SA node has the fastest intrinsic firing rate (60–100 bpm).
5. Which hormone binds to intracellular receptors?
a) Epinephrine
b) Insulin
c) Thyroxine (T3)
d) Glucagon
Rationale: Thyroid hormones and steroids enter cells and bind nuclear receptors.
6. A 2026 study on chronobiology shows that shift work increases risk of metabolic
syndrome due to disruption of:
a) Glucagon secretion
b) Leptin resistance
c) Circadian clock genes (CLOCK, BMAL1)
d) Pancreatic alpha cells
Rationale: Misalignment of central and peripheral clocks impairs glucose and lipid
metabolism.
7. The main site of nutrient absorption in the digestive system is:
a) Stomach
b) Small intestine
c) Large intestine
d) Esophagus
Rationale: Villi and microvilli in small intestine maximize surface area for absorption.
8. Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback loop in human
physiology?
a) Blood pressure regulation
b) Oxytocin-induced uterine contractions during labor
c) Body temperature control
d) Blood glucose homeostasis
FINAL EXAM (2026) QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES/GRADED A+/2026
UPDATE/100% CORRECT
/INSTANT DOWNLOAD
Section I: Multiple Choice (50 questions, 1 point each)
1. Which of the following best describes homeostasis?
a) Maintaining a fixed internal environment
b) Dynamic equilibrium with compensatory mechanisms
c) A state of zero metabolic activity
d) Complete dependence on external temperature
Rationale: Homeostasis involves constant adjustments via feedback loops, not
absolute stability.
2. The primary ion responsible for depolarization of a neuron during an action
potential is:
a) Cl⁻
b) K⁺
c) Na⁺
d) Ca²⁺
Rationale: Voltage-gated Na⁺ channels open, allowing rapid Na⁺ influx.
3. Which autonomic receptor is associated with postganglionic sympathetic fibers
targeting sweat glands?
a) Alpha-1
b) Beta-2
, c) Muscarinic (M3)
d) Nicotinic
Rationale: Sympathetic cholinergic fibers to sweat glands release ACh acting on
muscarinic receptors.
4. The cardiac pacemaker that sets the normal heart rhythm is the:
a) AV node
b) Purkinje fibers
c) SA node
d) Bundle of His
Rationale: SA node has the fastest intrinsic firing rate (60–100 bpm).
5. Which hormone binds to intracellular receptors?
a) Epinephrine
b) Insulin
c) Thyroxine (T3)
d) Glucagon
Rationale: Thyroid hormones and steroids enter cells and bind nuclear receptors.
6. A 2026 study on chronobiology shows that shift work increases risk of metabolic
syndrome due to disruption of:
a) Glucagon secretion
b) Leptin resistance
c) Circadian clock genes (CLOCK, BMAL1)
d) Pancreatic alpha cells
Rationale: Misalignment of central and peripheral clocks impairs glucose and lipid
metabolism.
7. The main site of nutrient absorption in the digestive system is:
a) Stomach
b) Small intestine
c) Large intestine
d) Esophagus
Rationale: Villi and microvilli in small intestine maximize surface area for absorption.
8. Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback loop in human
physiology?
a) Blood pressure regulation
b) Oxytocin-induced uterine contractions during labor
c) Body temperature control
d) Blood glucose homeostasis
