BIOD 121: GENERAL BIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM – 2026 EDITION
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH RATIONALES/GRADED
A+/2026 UPDATE/100% CORRECT
/INSTANT DOWNLOAD
SECTION A: CELL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY (Questions 1–20)
1. Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
A) Nucleus
B) Ribosome
C) Mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
Rationale: Mitochondria generate ATP via cellular respiration; the nucleus houses DNA,
ribosomes synthesize proteins, and the Golgi modifies/sorts proteins.
2. Which of the following is NOT a component of the cell theory?
A) All living organisms are composed of cells.
B) Cells arise spontaneously from non-living matter.
C) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function.
D) All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Rationale: Cell theory rejects spontaneous generation; cells arise only from existing
cells.
3. Which transport process requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their
concentration gradient?
A) Diffusion
B) Osmosis
C) Facilitated diffusion
, D) Active transport
Rationale: Active transport uses ATP (e.g., sodium-potassium pump); others are passive.
4. A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will likely happen?
A) It will swell and burst.
B) It will shrink due to water leaving the cell.
C) It will remain unchanged.
D) It will undergo plasmolysis only in animal cells.
Rationale: In hypertonic solutions, water exits the cell, causing shrinkage (crenation in
animal cells; plasmolysis in plants).
5. Which macromolecule is composed of amino acids?
A) Carbohydrate
B) Nucleic acid
C) Lipid
D) Protein
Rationale: Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
6. The function of ribosomes is to:
A) Replicate DNA
B) Synthesize proteins
C) Produce lipids
D) Detoxify poisons
Rationale: Ribosomes translate mRNA into polypeptide chains.
7. Which organelle contains digestive enzymes that break down waste?
A) Peroxisome
B) Lysosome
C) Vacuole
D) Nucleolus
Rationale: Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles with hydrolytic enzymes for
intracellular digestion.
8. In a phospholipid bilayer, the fatty acid tails are:
A) Hydrophilic and face outward
B) Hydrophobic and face inward
C) Polar and interact with water
D) Charged and form hydrogen bonds
Rationale: The hydrophobic tails avoid water, orienting toward the interior of the
bilayer.
9. Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A) Protein synthesis
B) ATP production
C) Lipid synthesis and detoxification
FINAL EXAM – 2026 EDITION
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH RATIONALES/GRADED
A+/2026 UPDATE/100% CORRECT
/INSTANT DOWNLOAD
SECTION A: CELL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY (Questions 1–20)
1. Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
A) Nucleus
B) Ribosome
C) Mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
Rationale: Mitochondria generate ATP via cellular respiration; the nucleus houses DNA,
ribosomes synthesize proteins, and the Golgi modifies/sorts proteins.
2. Which of the following is NOT a component of the cell theory?
A) All living organisms are composed of cells.
B) Cells arise spontaneously from non-living matter.
C) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function.
D) All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Rationale: Cell theory rejects spontaneous generation; cells arise only from existing
cells.
3. Which transport process requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their
concentration gradient?
A) Diffusion
B) Osmosis
C) Facilitated diffusion
, D) Active transport
Rationale: Active transport uses ATP (e.g., sodium-potassium pump); others are passive.
4. A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will likely happen?
A) It will swell and burst.
B) It will shrink due to water leaving the cell.
C) It will remain unchanged.
D) It will undergo plasmolysis only in animal cells.
Rationale: In hypertonic solutions, water exits the cell, causing shrinkage (crenation in
animal cells; plasmolysis in plants).
5. Which macromolecule is composed of amino acids?
A) Carbohydrate
B) Nucleic acid
C) Lipid
D) Protein
Rationale: Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
6. The function of ribosomes is to:
A) Replicate DNA
B) Synthesize proteins
C) Produce lipids
D) Detoxify poisons
Rationale: Ribosomes translate mRNA into polypeptide chains.
7. Which organelle contains digestive enzymes that break down waste?
A) Peroxisome
B) Lysosome
C) Vacuole
D) Nucleolus
Rationale: Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles with hydrolytic enzymes for
intracellular digestion.
8. In a phospholipid bilayer, the fatty acid tails are:
A) Hydrophilic and face outward
B) Hydrophobic and face inward
C) Polar and interact with water
D) Charged and form hydrogen bonds
Rationale: The hydrophobic tails avoid water, orienting toward the interior of the
bilayer.
9. Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A) Protein synthesis
B) ATP production
C) Lipid synthesis and detoxification
