HSCI 190 Final Exam Study Questions With
Correct Answers
Statistics - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A way of collecting, analyzing, and presenting
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information in a systematic way to form conclusions and communicate findings
| | | | | | | | | | |
effectively
Descriptive Statistics - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A way of summarizing and
| | | | | | | | |
describing data so patterns become apparent. It does not allow the researcher to
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
generalize conclusions beyond the data that has been collected. Includes the
| | | | | | | | | | |
visualization of data, measures of central tendency, and variability.
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Inferential Statistics - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A way of analyzing data to make
| | | | | | | | | | |
general conclusions about the way the world works. It can be used to address
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
specific questions about how the world works and includes concepts such as the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
standard error of the mean (SEM), confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, t-
| | | | | | | | | |
tests, ANOVAs, correlations, regressions, and non-parametric tests.
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Examples of Statistics in our Everyday Lives - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Political
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polls, weather forecasting, sports (e.g. batting averages, free throw percentage),
| | | | | | | | | |
casinos, Netflix recommendations, and social media advertising.
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Biomedical Research - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Field of research that explores
| | | | | | | | |
disease prevention and treatment. Relies on statistics to provide information on
| | | | | | | | | | |
the probability of a certain outcome occurring (e.g. change in hormone level or
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
,phenotype, or a certain dosage of drug resulting in a change in symptoms or
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
adverse event) and what factors may influence that outcome.
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Electronic Medical Record (EMR) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Many clinical care
| | | | | | | | |
settings now use this to systems to track patient information. The availability of
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
large quantities of patient information has generated new opportunities to collect
| | | | | | | | | |
|and share health data around the world using advanced techniques such as
| | | | | | | | | | | |
machine learning. |
Evidence-Based Medicine - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The practice of using research-
| | | | | | | |
based evidence, clinical expertise, and information about the patient's values and
| | | | | | | | | |
preferences to make clinical decisions on patient care.
| | | | | | | |
Study by Wakefield et al. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A study that suggested that the
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|Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine was correlated with autism
| | | | | | | | | |
spectrum disorder. Despite a small sample size, questionable methodology, and
| | | | | | | | | |
speculative conclusions, the paper received a considerable amount of attention
| | | | | | | | | |
from the media and impacted many caregivers' decision to vaccinate their
| | | | | | | | | | |
children or not. After a number of studies disproved their findings, the Lancet
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Journal retracted their paper. However damage was already done and MMR
| | | | | | | | | | |
vaccination concerns, and concerns about vaccines in general, remain prevalent
| | | | | | | | | |
today.
Forensic Statistics - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Statistics are used to match biological
| | | | | | | | | |
samples to victims or perpetrators. Can also be used to help investigators and
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
juries identify the likelihood of an event being a coincidence, or if something
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
more malicious took place.
| | |
, Dr. Shipman - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Statistical analysis was used to find evidence
| | | | | | | | | |
if there was foul play behind the deaths of this doctor's patients. The information
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
collected in the public inquiry did not tell the statisticians how or why this
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
doctor's patients died, but told them that the time of death of his patients was
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
noticeably different than that of other local doctors. Further investigation
| | | | | | | | | |
revealed that this doctor performed his home visits after lunch when he was
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
typically alone with patients. Based on this information, it is now thought that
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
this doctor committed over 200 murders from 1975 to 1998.
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PPDAC - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Problem, Plan, Data, Analysis, Conclusion
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PPDAC: Problem - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-What is the problem/question?
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PPDAC: Plan - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-What information do you need to answer
| | | | | | | | | | |
the question?
|
PPDAC: Data - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-This stage involves collecting high quality
| | | | | | | | | |
information.
PPDAC: Analysis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Sorting, graphing, and running statistical
| | | | | | | |
tests.
|
PPDAC: Conclusions - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Interpretation, communication, and
| | | | | | |
generating new ideas. | |
Data - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Term used to describe any type of information.
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Correct Answers
Statistics - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A way of collecting, analyzing, and presenting
| | | | | | | | | |
information in a systematic way to form conclusions and communicate findings
| | | | | | | | | | |
effectively
Descriptive Statistics - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A way of summarizing and
| | | | | | | | |
describing data so patterns become apparent. It does not allow the researcher to
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
generalize conclusions beyond the data that has been collected. Includes the
| | | | | | | | | | |
visualization of data, measures of central tendency, and variability.
| | | | | | | |
Inferential Statistics - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A way of analyzing data to make
| | | | | | | | | | |
general conclusions about the way the world works. It can be used to address
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
specific questions about how the world works and includes concepts such as the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
standard error of the mean (SEM), confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, t-
| | | | | | | | | |
tests, ANOVAs, correlations, regressions, and non-parametric tests.
| | | | | |
Examples of Statistics in our Everyday Lives - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Political
| | | | | | | | | |
polls, weather forecasting, sports (e.g. batting averages, free throw percentage),
| | | | | | | | | |
casinos, Netflix recommendations, and social media advertising.
| | | | | |
Biomedical Research - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Field of research that explores
| | | | | | | | |
disease prevention and treatment. Relies on statistics to provide information on
| | | | | | | | | | |
the probability of a certain outcome occurring (e.g. change in hormone level or
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
,phenotype, or a certain dosage of drug resulting in a change in symptoms or
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
adverse event) and what factors may influence that outcome.
| | | | | | | |
Electronic Medical Record (EMR) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Many clinical care
| | | | | | | | |
settings now use this to systems to track patient information. The availability of
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
large quantities of patient information has generated new opportunities to collect
| | | | | | | | | |
|and share health data around the world using advanced techniques such as
| | | | | | | | | | | |
machine learning. |
Evidence-Based Medicine - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The practice of using research-
| | | | | | | |
based evidence, clinical expertise, and information about the patient's values and
| | | | | | | | | |
preferences to make clinical decisions on patient care.
| | | | | | | |
Study by Wakefield et al. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A study that suggested that the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine was correlated with autism
| | | | | | | | | |
spectrum disorder. Despite a small sample size, questionable methodology, and
| | | | | | | | | |
speculative conclusions, the paper received a considerable amount of attention
| | | | | | | | | |
from the media and impacted many caregivers' decision to vaccinate their
| | | | | | | | | | |
children or not. After a number of studies disproved their findings, the Lancet
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Journal retracted their paper. However damage was already done and MMR
| | | | | | | | | | |
vaccination concerns, and concerns about vaccines in general, remain prevalent
| | | | | | | | | |
today.
Forensic Statistics - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Statistics are used to match biological
| | | | | | | | | |
samples to victims or perpetrators. Can also be used to help investigators and
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
juries identify the likelihood of an event being a coincidence, or if something
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
more malicious took place.
| | |
, Dr. Shipman - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Statistical analysis was used to find evidence
| | | | | | | | | |
if there was foul play behind the deaths of this doctor's patients. The information
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
collected in the public inquiry did not tell the statisticians how or why this
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
doctor's patients died, but told them that the time of death of his patients was
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
noticeably different than that of other local doctors. Further investigation
| | | | | | | | | |
revealed that this doctor performed his home visits after lunch when he was
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
typically alone with patients. Based on this information, it is now thought that
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
this doctor committed over 200 murders from 1975 to 1998.
| | | | | | | | |
PPDAC - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Problem, Plan, Data, Analysis, Conclusion
| | | | | | |
PPDAC: Problem - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-What is the problem/question?
| | | | | | |
PPDAC: Plan - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-What information do you need to answer
| | | | | | | | | | |
the question?
|
PPDAC: Data - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-This stage involves collecting high quality
| | | | | | | | | |
information.
PPDAC: Analysis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Sorting, graphing, and running statistical
| | | | | | | |
tests.
|
PPDAC: Conclusions - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Interpretation, communication, and
| | | | | | |
generating new ideas. | |
Data - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Term used to describe any type of information.
| | | | | | | | | |
