NSG520 MODULE 2 CERTIFICATION
SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ First line of defense.
Answer: Nonspecific barriers: unbroken skin, mucous membranes,
secretions (tears, gastric juices).
◍ Symbiosis.
Answer: Benefits only the human; no harm to the microorganism
◍ Mutualism.
Answer: Benefits the human and the microorganism
◍ Second line of defense.
Answer: Nonspecific: phagocytosis and inflammation.
◍ Third line of defense.
Answer: Specific: antibodies and cell-mediated immunity.
◍ Inflammation definition.
Answer: Protective response to injury/infection; not the same as infection,
but infection can cause it.
◍ Commenaslism.
Answer: Benefits only the microorganism; no harm to the human
◍ Pathogenicity.
Answer: Benefits only the microorganism; no harm to the human
◍ Common causes of inflammation.
Answer: Physical damage, chemicals, ischemia, allergy, heat/cold, foreign
bodies, infection.
,◍ Cardinal signs of inflammation.
Answer: Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function.
◍ Opportunism.
Answer: A situation in which benign microorganisms become pathogenic
because of decreased human host resistance, increase in numbers, or
translocation to other body sites
◍ Role of mast cells.
Answer: Release histamine (vasodilation), heparin (↑permeability),
prostaglandins (pain, attract WBCs).
◍ Communicability.
Answer: The ability to spread from one individual to others and cause
disease
◍ Local effects of inflammation.
Answer: Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, loss of function.
◍ Exudate types.
Answer: Serous (watery), Fibrinous (thick/sticky), Purulent (pus),
Hemorrhagic (blood).
◍ Immunogenicity.
Answer: The ability to induce an immune response
◍ Infectivity.
Answer: The ability to invade and multiply in the host
◍ Systemic effects of inflammation.
Answer: Mild fever, malaise, fatigue, headache, anorexia.
◍ Complications of inflammation.
Answer: Infection, skeletal muscle spasm, deep ulcers, extensive scar tissue.
◍ Mechanism of action.
Answer: How the microorganism damages tissue
◍ Pathogenicity.
, Answer: The ability to produce disease: success depends on
communicability, infectivity, extent of tissue damage, and virulence
◍ Chronic inflammation features.
Answer: Less swelling/exudate, more lymphocytes/macrophages/fibroblasts,
tissue destruction, granuloma possible.
◍ Portal of entry.
Answer: The route by which a microorganism infects the host
◍ Three types of healing.
Answer: Resolution (minor damage), Regeneration (functional tissue
restored), Replacement (scar tissue).
◍ Phases of deep wound healing.
Answer: Inflammatory → Migratory → Proliferative → Maturation (scar).
◍ Scar formation complications.
Answer: Loss of function, contractures, adhesions, hypertrophic/keloid
scars, ulceration.
◍ Toxigenicity.
Answer: The ability to produce soluble toxins or endotoxins, factors that
greatly influence the degree of virulence
◍ Burn degrees.
Answer: 1st = superficial; 2nd = partial thickness; 3rd = full thickness; 4th =
to bone/muscle.
◍ Pharmacology definition.
Answer: Study of drugs: actions, dosage, uses, effects; integrates with
pathophysiology.
◍ Sources of drugs.
Answer: Natural (plants, animals, microbes) or synthetic (lab-made).
◍ Virulence.
Answer: The capacity to cause severe disease
SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ First line of defense.
Answer: Nonspecific barriers: unbroken skin, mucous membranes,
secretions (tears, gastric juices).
◍ Symbiosis.
Answer: Benefits only the human; no harm to the microorganism
◍ Mutualism.
Answer: Benefits the human and the microorganism
◍ Second line of defense.
Answer: Nonspecific: phagocytosis and inflammation.
◍ Third line of defense.
Answer: Specific: antibodies and cell-mediated immunity.
◍ Inflammation definition.
Answer: Protective response to injury/infection; not the same as infection,
but infection can cause it.
◍ Commenaslism.
Answer: Benefits only the microorganism; no harm to the human
◍ Pathogenicity.
Answer: Benefits only the microorganism; no harm to the human
◍ Common causes of inflammation.
Answer: Physical damage, chemicals, ischemia, allergy, heat/cold, foreign
bodies, infection.
,◍ Cardinal signs of inflammation.
Answer: Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function.
◍ Opportunism.
Answer: A situation in which benign microorganisms become pathogenic
because of decreased human host resistance, increase in numbers, or
translocation to other body sites
◍ Role of mast cells.
Answer: Release histamine (vasodilation), heparin (↑permeability),
prostaglandins (pain, attract WBCs).
◍ Communicability.
Answer: The ability to spread from one individual to others and cause
disease
◍ Local effects of inflammation.
Answer: Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, loss of function.
◍ Exudate types.
Answer: Serous (watery), Fibrinous (thick/sticky), Purulent (pus),
Hemorrhagic (blood).
◍ Immunogenicity.
Answer: The ability to induce an immune response
◍ Infectivity.
Answer: The ability to invade and multiply in the host
◍ Systemic effects of inflammation.
Answer: Mild fever, malaise, fatigue, headache, anorexia.
◍ Complications of inflammation.
Answer: Infection, skeletal muscle spasm, deep ulcers, extensive scar tissue.
◍ Mechanism of action.
Answer: How the microorganism damages tissue
◍ Pathogenicity.
, Answer: The ability to produce disease: success depends on
communicability, infectivity, extent of tissue damage, and virulence
◍ Chronic inflammation features.
Answer: Less swelling/exudate, more lymphocytes/macrophages/fibroblasts,
tissue destruction, granuloma possible.
◍ Portal of entry.
Answer: The route by which a microorganism infects the host
◍ Three types of healing.
Answer: Resolution (minor damage), Regeneration (functional tissue
restored), Replacement (scar tissue).
◍ Phases of deep wound healing.
Answer: Inflammatory → Migratory → Proliferative → Maturation (scar).
◍ Scar formation complications.
Answer: Loss of function, contractures, adhesions, hypertrophic/keloid
scars, ulceration.
◍ Toxigenicity.
Answer: The ability to produce soluble toxins or endotoxins, factors that
greatly influence the degree of virulence
◍ Burn degrees.
Answer: 1st = superficial; 2nd = partial thickness; 3rd = full thickness; 4th =
to bone/muscle.
◍ Pharmacology definition.
Answer: Study of drugs: actions, dosage, uses, effects; integrates with
pathophysiology.
◍ Sources of drugs.
Answer: Natural (plants, animals, microbes) or synthetic (lab-made).
◍ Virulence.
Answer: The capacity to cause severe disease
