NSG520 MODULE 2 COMPREHENSIVE
STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ disuse atrophy.
Answer: when limb is placed in cast for a long time
◍ Baclofen (Central Acting Muscle Relaxant).
Answer: Enhances GABA in CNS to reduce muscle spasticity; used for
muscle spasms in spinal cord injury MS and cerebral palsy; side effects
drowsiness nausea constipation withdrawal rhabdomyolysis risk
◍ Dantrolene (Peripherally Acting Muscle Relaxant).
Answer: Prevents calcium release in skeletal muscle to decrease
contractions; used for muscle spasms and malignant hyperthermia; side
effects muscle weakness diarrhea liver toxicity; avoid in liver disease
◍ senile atrophy.
Answer: chronic ischemia from decrease in blood to brain
◍ Phenytoin / Fosphenytoin (Hydantoins).
Answer: Sodium channel blocker that decreases high frequency neuron
discharge; used for seizures; side effects dizziness vision changes gingival
hyperplasia Stevens-Johnson syndrome; teratogenic
◍ Carbamazepine / Lamotrigine.
Answer: Carbamazepine decreases synaptic transmission and lamotrigine
stabilizes neuronal membranes via sodium channel inhibition; used for
seizures and bipolar disorder; side effects bone marrow suppression
Stevens-Johnson syndrome CNS effects
◍ Valproic Acid / Divalproex / Valproate.
, Answer: Increase GABA in CNS to suppress seizures and control bipolar
mania; side effects thrombocytopenia GI upset hyperammonemia
pancreatitis liver toxicity; contraindicated in pregnancy and liver disease
◍ Oxcarbazepine (2nd/3rd Gen ASM).
Answer: Blocks sodium channels and inhibits glutamate; used for seizures;
side effects dizziness drowsiness hyponatremia leukopenia decreased bone
density
◍ denervation atrophy.
Answer: peripheral neuropathies, less ER, less mitochondria, less
myofilaments
◍ physiologic hypertrophy.
Answer: increased demand, stimulated by hormones ex: Runner's heart
◍ Lidocaine / Procaine / Benzocaine (Local Anesthetics).
Answer: Block sodium channels preventing pain impulse conduction; used
for local anesthesia and nerve blocks; side effects hypotension CNS
stimulation burning at injection site
◍ pathologic hypertrophy.
Answer: chronic hemodynamic overload from hypertension
◍ Short Acting Barbiturates (Methohexital Phenobarbital Pentobarbital
Propofol).
Answer: Increase GABA causing CNS depression; used for anesthesia
induction seizures and medication induced coma for ICP; side effects
respiratory depression hypotension lethargy
◍ compensatory hyperplasia.
Answer: enables organs to regenerate
◍ hormonal hyperplasia.
Answer: estrogen dependent organs
◍ most common forms of cell injury.
Answer: - ischemic and hypoxic- ischemia-reperfusion- oxidative stress-
, chemical
◍ Benzodiazepines (Midazolam Diazepam Lorazepam Chlordiazepoxide).
Answer: Enhance GABA activity in CNS; used for anxiety sedation seizures
alcohol withdrawal; side effects respiratory depression amnesia dependence;
antidote flumazenil
◍ reperfusion injury.
Answer: restoration of blood flow to recovering cells, reactive oxygen
intermediates damages myocytes
◍ Opioids (Fentanyl Morphine Hydromorphone Oxycodone Hydrocodone).
Answer: Bind opioid receptors producing analgesia; used for moderate to
severe pain; side effects respiratory depression sedation hypotension urinary
retention; reversal agent naloxone
◍ antioxidants.
Answer: inhibit oxidation of other molecules, prevent free radicals
◍ Amphetamines (Methylphenidate Amphetamine Dextroamphetamine).
Answer: CNS stimulants increasing alertness and attention; used for ADHD
and narcolepsy; side effects insomnia tachycardia hypertension weight loss
◍ Dexmethylphenidate.
Answer: Stimulates CNS to improve attention; used for ADHD and
narcolepsy; side effects insomnia anorexia hypertension dependence
◍ Modafinil / Armodafinil (Non-Amphetamine Stimulants).
Answer: Block norepinephrine reuptake promoting wakefulness; used for
narcolepsy and shift work sleep disorder; side effects nausea diarrhea rash
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
◍ endogenous antioxidants.
Answer: - alpha lipoic acid- catalase- CoQ10
◍ Levodopa / Carbidopa.
Answer: Dopamine replacement therapy that increases dopamine in CNS;
used for Parkinson's disease; side effects dyskinesia postural hypotension
STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ disuse atrophy.
Answer: when limb is placed in cast for a long time
◍ Baclofen (Central Acting Muscle Relaxant).
Answer: Enhances GABA in CNS to reduce muscle spasticity; used for
muscle spasms in spinal cord injury MS and cerebral palsy; side effects
drowsiness nausea constipation withdrawal rhabdomyolysis risk
◍ Dantrolene (Peripherally Acting Muscle Relaxant).
Answer: Prevents calcium release in skeletal muscle to decrease
contractions; used for muscle spasms and malignant hyperthermia; side
effects muscle weakness diarrhea liver toxicity; avoid in liver disease
◍ senile atrophy.
Answer: chronic ischemia from decrease in blood to brain
◍ Phenytoin / Fosphenytoin (Hydantoins).
Answer: Sodium channel blocker that decreases high frequency neuron
discharge; used for seizures; side effects dizziness vision changes gingival
hyperplasia Stevens-Johnson syndrome; teratogenic
◍ Carbamazepine / Lamotrigine.
Answer: Carbamazepine decreases synaptic transmission and lamotrigine
stabilizes neuronal membranes via sodium channel inhibition; used for
seizures and bipolar disorder; side effects bone marrow suppression
Stevens-Johnson syndrome CNS effects
◍ Valproic Acid / Divalproex / Valproate.
, Answer: Increase GABA in CNS to suppress seizures and control bipolar
mania; side effects thrombocytopenia GI upset hyperammonemia
pancreatitis liver toxicity; contraindicated in pregnancy and liver disease
◍ Oxcarbazepine (2nd/3rd Gen ASM).
Answer: Blocks sodium channels and inhibits glutamate; used for seizures;
side effects dizziness drowsiness hyponatremia leukopenia decreased bone
density
◍ denervation atrophy.
Answer: peripheral neuropathies, less ER, less mitochondria, less
myofilaments
◍ physiologic hypertrophy.
Answer: increased demand, stimulated by hormones ex: Runner's heart
◍ Lidocaine / Procaine / Benzocaine (Local Anesthetics).
Answer: Block sodium channels preventing pain impulse conduction; used
for local anesthesia and nerve blocks; side effects hypotension CNS
stimulation burning at injection site
◍ pathologic hypertrophy.
Answer: chronic hemodynamic overload from hypertension
◍ Short Acting Barbiturates (Methohexital Phenobarbital Pentobarbital
Propofol).
Answer: Increase GABA causing CNS depression; used for anesthesia
induction seizures and medication induced coma for ICP; side effects
respiratory depression hypotension lethargy
◍ compensatory hyperplasia.
Answer: enables organs to regenerate
◍ hormonal hyperplasia.
Answer: estrogen dependent organs
◍ most common forms of cell injury.
Answer: - ischemic and hypoxic- ischemia-reperfusion- oxidative stress-
, chemical
◍ Benzodiazepines (Midazolam Diazepam Lorazepam Chlordiazepoxide).
Answer: Enhance GABA activity in CNS; used for anxiety sedation seizures
alcohol withdrawal; side effects respiratory depression amnesia dependence;
antidote flumazenil
◍ reperfusion injury.
Answer: restoration of blood flow to recovering cells, reactive oxygen
intermediates damages myocytes
◍ Opioids (Fentanyl Morphine Hydromorphone Oxycodone Hydrocodone).
Answer: Bind opioid receptors producing analgesia; used for moderate to
severe pain; side effects respiratory depression sedation hypotension urinary
retention; reversal agent naloxone
◍ antioxidants.
Answer: inhibit oxidation of other molecules, prevent free radicals
◍ Amphetamines (Methylphenidate Amphetamine Dextroamphetamine).
Answer: CNS stimulants increasing alertness and attention; used for ADHD
and narcolepsy; side effects insomnia tachycardia hypertension weight loss
◍ Dexmethylphenidate.
Answer: Stimulates CNS to improve attention; used for ADHD and
narcolepsy; side effects insomnia anorexia hypertension dependence
◍ Modafinil / Armodafinil (Non-Amphetamine Stimulants).
Answer: Block norepinephrine reuptake promoting wakefulness; used for
narcolepsy and shift work sleep disorder; side effects nausea diarrhea rash
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
◍ endogenous antioxidants.
Answer: - alpha lipoic acid- catalase- CoQ10
◍ Levodopa / Carbidopa.
Answer: Dopamine replacement therapy that increases dopamine in CNS;
used for Parkinson's disease; side effects dyskinesia postural hypotension
