BIOD 331 Module 1 Exam 2026 Pathophysiology
Exam Complete Questions and Correct Answers
What is the definition of "pathophysiology"? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
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Pathophysiology is defined as not only the cellular and organ changes that occur
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with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body function.
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Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed. - CORRECT
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ANSWER✔✔-Etiologic factors are the causes of a disease. | | | | | | |
1. Physical forces: trauma, burns, etc
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2. Chemical agents: poisons, alcohol
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3. Biological agents: bacteria, viruses
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4. Genetic predisposition: inherent genes from both parents but you don't
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necessarily develop the disease but are predispositioned to it
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5. Nutritional excess or deficiencies: Iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism.
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Nutritional excess in carbohydrates can lead to irritable bowel syndrome.
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What are the 2 types of risk factors? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Congenital: present
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at birth
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Acquired: occur after birth | | |
What is the difference between morphology and histology? - CORRECT
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ANSWER✔✔-Morphology is defined as the fundamental structure or form of cells | | | | | | | | | |
|or tissues. Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
tissues.
,Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an example of
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each. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-These both relate to manifestations of a disease.
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Signs is an objective manifestation while symptoms are a subjective complaint.
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Signs are apparent to the physician, symptoms are apparent to the patient.
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What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis? - CORRECT
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ANSWER✔✔-Patient history, diagnostic testing, and a physical examination. | | | | | | |
Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
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Validity: how a tool measures what it is intended to measure i.e. the correct tool
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
to do the job, such as using a blood pressure cuff to measure blood pressure
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Reliability: likelihood of yielding the same result of a test, usually dependent on
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
someone's experience and skill level | | | |
Sensitivity: proportion of people with a disease who test positive
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Specificity: people without the disease who test negative for it
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Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks. - CORRECT
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ANSWER✔✔-Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence. It tracks the health | | | | | | | | | |
of a community by tracking age, race, nutritional habits and locations.
| | | | | | | | | | |
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-Incidence is the number of new cases in the population at a given | | | | | | | | | | | | |
time, prevalence is the number of cases that exist in the population at a given
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
time.
, Define mortality and morbidity. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Mortality is the reason
| | | | | | | | | |
for death in a population. Morbidity is the effect of the illness on someone's life,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
as it pertains to their quality of life.
| | | | | | |
Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an example of each. -
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CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Primary prevention is what a person does to prevent a
| | | | | | | | | | | |
disease from occurring, for example eating healthy and exercising.
| | | | | | | |
Secondary prevention is aiming to detect and treat diseases when they are either
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
still curable or asymptomatic. An example of this is a colonoscopy
| | | | | | | | | |
Tertiary prevention is when a disease is diagnosed and clinical interventions
| | | | | | | | | | |
happen to cause further complications. For example, using medication to reduce
| | | | | | | | | | |
the risk of future heart attacks.
| | | | |
Why is evidence-based practice important? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Evidence-
| | | | | | |
based practice is important because medical professions follow up-to-date
| | | | | | | | |
information and studies in order to treat diseases. This ensures that new
| | | | | | | | | | | |
treatment options are followed, preventing physicians from using outdates
| | | | | | | | |
practices that no longer benefit the patient. | | | | | |
What are the 3 primary structures of the cell? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The
| | | | | | | | | | | |
nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane | | | |
What is the function of the nucleus? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The nucleus is the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
control center for the cell and contains most of the hereditary material, DNA and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
RNA.
Name 3 structures within the nucleus. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Chromatin,
| | | | | | | | |
nucleolus, and nuclear envelope | | |
Exam Complete Questions and Correct Answers
What is the definition of "pathophysiology"? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | | |
Pathophysiology is defined as not only the cellular and organ changes that occur
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body function.
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed. - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-Etiologic factors are the causes of a disease. | | | | | | |
1. Physical forces: trauma, burns, etc
| | | | |
2. Chemical agents: poisons, alcohol
| | | |
3. Biological agents: bacteria, viruses
| | | |
4. Genetic predisposition: inherent genes from both parents but you don't
| | | | | | | | | | |
necessarily develop the disease but are predispositioned to it
| | | | | | | |
5. Nutritional excess or deficiencies: Iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism.
| | | | | | | | | |
Nutritional excess in carbohydrates can lead to irritable bowel syndrome.
| | | | | | | | | |
What are the 2 types of risk factors? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Congenital: present
| | | | | | | | | | | |
at birth
|
Acquired: occur after birth | | |
What is the difference between morphology and histology? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-Morphology is defined as the fundamental structure or form of cells | | | | | | | | | |
|or tissues. Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
tissues.
,Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an example of
| | | | | | | | | | | |
each. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-These both relate to manifestations of a disease.
| | | | | | | | | | |
Signs is an objective manifestation while symptoms are a subjective complaint.
| | | | | | | | | | |
Signs are apparent to the physician, symptoms are apparent to the patient.
| | | | | | | | | | |
What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-Patient history, diagnostic testing, and a physical examination. | | | | | | |
Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | | |
Validity: how a tool measures what it is intended to measure i.e. the correct tool
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
to do the job, such as using a blood pressure cuff to measure blood pressure
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Reliability: likelihood of yielding the same result of a test, usually dependent on
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
someone's experience and skill level | | | |
Sensitivity: proportion of people with a disease who test positive
| | | | | | | | |
Specificity: people without the disease who test negative for it
| | | | | | | | |
Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks. - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence. It tracks the health | | | | | | | | | |
of a community by tracking age, race, nutritional habits and locations.
| | | | | | | | | | |
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-Incidence is the number of new cases in the population at a given | | | | | | | | | | | | |
time, prevalence is the number of cases that exist in the population at a given
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
time.
, Define mortality and morbidity. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Mortality is the reason
| | | | | | | | | |
for death in a population. Morbidity is the effect of the illness on someone's life,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
as it pertains to their quality of life.
| | | | | | |
Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an example of each. -
| | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Primary prevention is what a person does to prevent a
| | | | | | | | | | | |
disease from occurring, for example eating healthy and exercising.
| | | | | | | |
Secondary prevention is aiming to detect and treat diseases when they are either
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
still curable or asymptomatic. An example of this is a colonoscopy
| | | | | | | | | |
Tertiary prevention is when a disease is diagnosed and clinical interventions
| | | | | | | | | | |
happen to cause further complications. For example, using medication to reduce
| | | | | | | | | | |
the risk of future heart attacks.
| | | | |
Why is evidence-based practice important? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Evidence-
| | | | | | |
based practice is important because medical professions follow up-to-date
| | | | | | | | |
information and studies in order to treat diseases. This ensures that new
| | | | | | | | | | | |
treatment options are followed, preventing physicians from using outdates
| | | | | | | | |
practices that no longer benefit the patient. | | | | | |
What are the 3 primary structures of the cell? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The
| | | | | | | | | | | |
nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane | | | |
What is the function of the nucleus? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The nucleus is the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
control center for the cell and contains most of the hereditary material, DNA and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
RNA.
Name 3 structures within the nucleus. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Chromatin,
| | | | | | | | |
nucleolus, and nuclear envelope | | |
