Rostral - ANSWER toward the nose
Caudal - ANSWER toward the tail
Major portions of the brain - ANSWER Brain stem, Cerebrum, cerebellum
Cerebrum is ___% of brain volume - ANSWER 83
Cerebellum contains ___% of the neurons - ANSWER 50
The brain weighs ___ pounds - ANSWER 3.5
Longitudinal Fissure - ANSWER separates 2 cerebral hemispheres (left/right)
Central Sulcus - ANSWER Separates frontal & parietal lobe
Gyri - ANSWER folds
Sulci - ANSWER grooves
cortex - ANSWER surface layer of gray matter
1
,nuclei - ANSWER deeper masses of gray matter
tracts - ANSWER bundles of axons
gray matter - ANSWER neuron cell bodies, dendrites & synapses
-forms cortex over cerebrum & cerebellum
-forms nuclei deep with in brain
white matter - ANSWER bundles of axons
-forms tracts that connect parts of the brain
Meninges - ANSWER Dura Mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Dura mater - ANSWER outermost, tough membrane
-outer periosteal layer against bone
-inner meningeal layer
-subdural space (below dura mater)
-where separated from inner meningeal layer forms dural venous sinusesdraining blood
from brain
supportive structures formed by dura mater - ANSWER falx cerebri, falx cerebelli & tento-
rium cerebelli
Arachnoid mater - ANSWER spider web filamentous layer
Pia mater - ANSWER a thin vascular layer adherent to contours of brain
Meningitis - ANSWER Inflammation of the meninges
2
,-bacterial & virus invasion of the CNS by way of the nose & throat
-signs: high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness & intense headache which could lead to coma
-diagnose by examining the CSF fluid for bacteria
Lumbar puncture - ANSWER (spinal tap) check spinal fluid
-draws fluid from subarachnoid space between two lumbar vertebrae
Lateral ventricles - ANSWER found inside the cerebral hemispheres
Third ventricle - ANSWER single vertical space under corpus callosum
Cerebral aqueduct - ANSWER runs through the midbrain (connects 3rd & 4th ventricle)
Central canal - ANSWER runs down through spinal cord
Ventricles - ANSWER Internal chambers within the CNS
-lined with ependymal cells & containing choroid plexus of capillaries that produce CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid - ANSWER clear liquid that fills ventricles & canals & bathes in its ex-
ternal surface (in subarachnoid space)
The brain produces & absorbs ___ml/day of CSF - ANSWER 500
Functions of CSF - ANSWER Buoyancy: floats brain so its neutrally buoyant
Protection: cushions from hitting inside of skull
Chemical stability: rinses away wastes
3
, CSF escapes from ___ to surround the brain & is absorbed by ___ into venous sinus - AN-
SWER 4th ventricle/ arachnoid villi
Circumventricular organs... - ANSWER ...in 3rd & 4th ventricles are breaks in the barrier
where blood has direct access
-monitoring of glucose, pH, osmolarity & other variations
-allows route for HIV to invade the brain
Blood-brain & Blood-CSF barriers - ANSWER Tightly joined endothelium
-permeable to lipid-soluble materials (alcohol, nicotine, O2, CO2 & anesthetics)
Hindbrain - ANSWER Medulla Oblongata, Pons, Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata - ANSWER contains cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory & reflex centers
which adjust heart rate but also control coughing & sneezing, etc.
-3 cm extension of spinal cord
-ascending & descending nerve tracts
-Nuclei of sensory & motor nerves (IX,X,XI,XII)
Cardiac Center (Medulla) - ANSWER adjusts heart rate & force
Vasomotor Center (Medulla) - ANSWER adjusts blood vessel diameter
Respiratory Center (Medulla) - ANSWER controls rate & depth of breathing
Reflex Center (Medulla) - ANSWER coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting,
salivation, sweating, movements of tongue & head
4
Caudal - ANSWER toward the tail
Major portions of the brain - ANSWER Brain stem, Cerebrum, cerebellum
Cerebrum is ___% of brain volume - ANSWER 83
Cerebellum contains ___% of the neurons - ANSWER 50
The brain weighs ___ pounds - ANSWER 3.5
Longitudinal Fissure - ANSWER separates 2 cerebral hemispheres (left/right)
Central Sulcus - ANSWER Separates frontal & parietal lobe
Gyri - ANSWER folds
Sulci - ANSWER grooves
cortex - ANSWER surface layer of gray matter
1
,nuclei - ANSWER deeper masses of gray matter
tracts - ANSWER bundles of axons
gray matter - ANSWER neuron cell bodies, dendrites & synapses
-forms cortex over cerebrum & cerebellum
-forms nuclei deep with in brain
white matter - ANSWER bundles of axons
-forms tracts that connect parts of the brain
Meninges - ANSWER Dura Mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Dura mater - ANSWER outermost, tough membrane
-outer periosteal layer against bone
-inner meningeal layer
-subdural space (below dura mater)
-where separated from inner meningeal layer forms dural venous sinusesdraining blood
from brain
supportive structures formed by dura mater - ANSWER falx cerebri, falx cerebelli & tento-
rium cerebelli
Arachnoid mater - ANSWER spider web filamentous layer
Pia mater - ANSWER a thin vascular layer adherent to contours of brain
Meningitis - ANSWER Inflammation of the meninges
2
,-bacterial & virus invasion of the CNS by way of the nose & throat
-signs: high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness & intense headache which could lead to coma
-diagnose by examining the CSF fluid for bacteria
Lumbar puncture - ANSWER (spinal tap) check spinal fluid
-draws fluid from subarachnoid space between two lumbar vertebrae
Lateral ventricles - ANSWER found inside the cerebral hemispheres
Third ventricle - ANSWER single vertical space under corpus callosum
Cerebral aqueduct - ANSWER runs through the midbrain (connects 3rd & 4th ventricle)
Central canal - ANSWER runs down through spinal cord
Ventricles - ANSWER Internal chambers within the CNS
-lined with ependymal cells & containing choroid plexus of capillaries that produce CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid - ANSWER clear liquid that fills ventricles & canals & bathes in its ex-
ternal surface (in subarachnoid space)
The brain produces & absorbs ___ml/day of CSF - ANSWER 500
Functions of CSF - ANSWER Buoyancy: floats brain so its neutrally buoyant
Protection: cushions from hitting inside of skull
Chemical stability: rinses away wastes
3
, CSF escapes from ___ to surround the brain & is absorbed by ___ into venous sinus - AN-
SWER 4th ventricle/ arachnoid villi
Circumventricular organs... - ANSWER ...in 3rd & 4th ventricles are breaks in the barrier
where blood has direct access
-monitoring of glucose, pH, osmolarity & other variations
-allows route for HIV to invade the brain
Blood-brain & Blood-CSF barriers - ANSWER Tightly joined endothelium
-permeable to lipid-soluble materials (alcohol, nicotine, O2, CO2 & anesthetics)
Hindbrain - ANSWER Medulla Oblongata, Pons, Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata - ANSWER contains cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory & reflex centers
which adjust heart rate but also control coughing & sneezing, etc.
-3 cm extension of spinal cord
-ascending & descending nerve tracts
-Nuclei of sensory & motor nerves (IX,X,XI,XII)
Cardiac Center (Medulla) - ANSWER adjusts heart rate & force
Vasomotor Center (Medulla) - ANSWER adjusts blood vessel diameter
Respiratory Center (Medulla) - ANSWER controls rate & depth of breathing
Reflex Center (Medulla) - ANSWER coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting,
salivation, sweating, movements of tongue & head
4
