3 kinds of muscle tissue - ANSWER skeletal, cardiac, smooth
major purpose of muscle - ANSWER converting chemical energy in ATP --> mechanical
energy of motion
muscle functions - ANSWER -movement of: whole body, body parts, organ contents
-stability: maintain posture and prevent mvmt.
-communication: speech, facial expressions and writing
-control of openings and passageways: sphincters
-body heat production
characterizations of connective tissues of a muscle - ANSWER fascia, epimysium, perimys-
ium, endomysium
CT elements and how they merge with other tissues - ANSWER Tendons = attachments
between muscle and bone, dense-regular CT made of collagen fibers, epimysium surround-
ing entire muscle is continuous with collagen fibers of tendons
role of collagen in connective tissues - ANSWER stretches slightly under tension and re-
coils when released
-resists excessive stretching and protects muscle from injury
-returns muscle to resting length
-contribute to power output and muscle efficiency
1
,skeletal muscle shapes (with examples) - ANSWER Fusiform: biceps bracchi, gastrocnem-
ius
Triangular (convergent): pec major, temporalis
Parallel: rectus abdominus, zygomaticus major
Circular: orbicularis oculi, urethral and anal sphincters
Pennate: rectus femoris, deltoid
ways in which muscle attach to bone - ANSWER Indirect: tendons attach muscle to bone
Direct: fleshy attachment to bone
Some skeletal muscles do not insert on bone, but in dermis of the skin
how tendons attach muscle to bone - ANSWER collagen fibers fibers of endo-, peri-, and
epimysium continue into the tendon, the tendon merges into the periosteum of bone
-aponeurosis: tendon is a broad, flat sheet
origin and insertion definition - ANSWER Origin: bony attachment at stationary end of
muscle
Insertion: bony attachment to mobile end of muscle
functional groups of muscles with example - ANSWER for elbow flexion
Prime mover (agonist): brachialis
Synergist: biceps brachii
Antagonist: triceps brachii
Fixator: rhomboideus
intrinsic vs extrinsic muscles - ANSWER Intrinsic: contained within a region (both origin
and insertion there)
2
, Extrinsic: act on a designated regions, but has origins elsewhere
characteristics of muscle - ANSWER Responsiveness (excitability): to chemical signals,
stretch and electrical changes across plasma membrane
Conductivity: local electrical change triggers a wave of excitation that travels along the mus-
cle fiber
Contractility: shortens when stimulated
Extensibility: capable of being stretched between contractions
Elasticity: returns to its original resting length after being stretched
properties of skeletal muscle - ANSWER voluntary, straitaed muscle attached to one or
more bones
myofiber - ANSWER muscle cell/muscle fiber, composed of myofibrils
myofibrils - ANSWER long protein bundles that occupy the main portion of the interior of
a muscle fiber, composed of myofilaments
myofilament - ANSWER protein microfilament responsible for muscle cell contraction,
composed of myosin or actin proteins
functions of each part of a muscle fiber - ANSWER Sarcolemma: plasma membrane of a
muscle fiber
Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Mitochondria: packed in spaces between myofibrils
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR): smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril-calcium
reservoir
Terminal cisternae: dilated end-sacs of SR which cross muscle fiber from one side to the
other
3
major purpose of muscle - ANSWER converting chemical energy in ATP --> mechanical
energy of motion
muscle functions - ANSWER -movement of: whole body, body parts, organ contents
-stability: maintain posture and prevent mvmt.
-communication: speech, facial expressions and writing
-control of openings and passageways: sphincters
-body heat production
characterizations of connective tissues of a muscle - ANSWER fascia, epimysium, perimys-
ium, endomysium
CT elements and how they merge with other tissues - ANSWER Tendons = attachments
between muscle and bone, dense-regular CT made of collagen fibers, epimysium surround-
ing entire muscle is continuous with collagen fibers of tendons
role of collagen in connective tissues - ANSWER stretches slightly under tension and re-
coils when released
-resists excessive stretching and protects muscle from injury
-returns muscle to resting length
-contribute to power output and muscle efficiency
1
,skeletal muscle shapes (with examples) - ANSWER Fusiform: biceps bracchi, gastrocnem-
ius
Triangular (convergent): pec major, temporalis
Parallel: rectus abdominus, zygomaticus major
Circular: orbicularis oculi, urethral and anal sphincters
Pennate: rectus femoris, deltoid
ways in which muscle attach to bone - ANSWER Indirect: tendons attach muscle to bone
Direct: fleshy attachment to bone
Some skeletal muscles do not insert on bone, but in dermis of the skin
how tendons attach muscle to bone - ANSWER collagen fibers fibers of endo-, peri-, and
epimysium continue into the tendon, the tendon merges into the periosteum of bone
-aponeurosis: tendon is a broad, flat sheet
origin and insertion definition - ANSWER Origin: bony attachment at stationary end of
muscle
Insertion: bony attachment to mobile end of muscle
functional groups of muscles with example - ANSWER for elbow flexion
Prime mover (agonist): brachialis
Synergist: biceps brachii
Antagonist: triceps brachii
Fixator: rhomboideus
intrinsic vs extrinsic muscles - ANSWER Intrinsic: contained within a region (both origin
and insertion there)
2
, Extrinsic: act on a designated regions, but has origins elsewhere
characteristics of muscle - ANSWER Responsiveness (excitability): to chemical signals,
stretch and electrical changes across plasma membrane
Conductivity: local electrical change triggers a wave of excitation that travels along the mus-
cle fiber
Contractility: shortens when stimulated
Extensibility: capable of being stretched between contractions
Elasticity: returns to its original resting length after being stretched
properties of skeletal muscle - ANSWER voluntary, straitaed muscle attached to one or
more bones
myofiber - ANSWER muscle cell/muscle fiber, composed of myofibrils
myofibrils - ANSWER long protein bundles that occupy the main portion of the interior of
a muscle fiber, composed of myofilaments
myofilament - ANSWER protein microfilament responsible for muscle cell contraction,
composed of myosin or actin proteins
functions of each part of a muscle fiber - ANSWER Sarcolemma: plasma membrane of a
muscle fiber
Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Mitochondria: packed in spaces between myofibrils
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR): smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril-calcium
reservoir
Terminal cisternae: dilated end-sacs of SR which cross muscle fiber from one side to the
other
3
