When a person or animal confronts actual (or perceived) danger situations, what neuro-
chemical and hormonal reactions start to occur? - ANSWER nonessential physiological
processes shut down (i.e. digestion & reproduction), energy is channeled into a host of func-
tions preparing for rapid action.
when there is imminent danger, a burst of excitation originates from the locus coeruleus
which releases _____________, which results in instantaneous hypervigilance. - ANSWER
norepinephrine
Stressful events are perceived at the __________, processed at the _______, which then ac-
tivates lower brain areas & puts the limbic system on alert - ANSWER cortex, amygdala
_________ ions act as a brake and dampen the limbic alert - ANSWER chloride
what is responsible for the release of stress hormones? - ANSWER limbic system and hy-
pothalamus by activating the SNS, HTA, or HPA
________ enhance the flow of negative (chloride) ions which results in widespread calming
in may areas of the brain - ANSWER benzodiazepines
excitability in the locus coerulues is also mediated by _______ - ANSWER serotonin
in the Locus Coeruleus, serotonin is ____________. - ANSWER inhibitory
1
, A decrease in serotonin may impact the locus coeruleus by making it more disinhibited and
more sensitive to ___________. - ANSWER activation
Acquired fears appear to be mediated primarily by the ___________. - ANSWER amyg-
dala
After very frightening events, the amygdala ________ certain stimulus events of the experi-
ence. These memories are highly resistant to extinction. - ANSWER encodes
There is speculation that _______ many play a role in inhibiting cellular reactivity in the
amygdala - ANSWER serotonin
This antiseizure medication is primarily used to treat anxiety in bipolar disorder - AN-
SWER gabapentin
What are four medication options for treating GAD? - ANSWER benzodiazepines, atypical
antianxiety (buspirone), SNRIs and SSRIs, andn gabapentin
_______ reduces worry and rumination seen in GAD, but it is not addictive - ANSWER
Buspirone
Benzodiazepines can be used to treat severe cases of GAD, but should not be used if the pa-
tient is at risk for ___________ - ANSWER dependence/substance abuse
Pervasive forms social anxiety (and avoidant personality disorder) may be treated with what
three medications? - ANSWER SSRIs, SNRIs, or MAOIs
Specific phobias are generally not treated with __________________. - ANSWER psycho-
tropic medications
2
chemical and hormonal reactions start to occur? - ANSWER nonessential physiological
processes shut down (i.e. digestion & reproduction), energy is channeled into a host of func-
tions preparing for rapid action.
when there is imminent danger, a burst of excitation originates from the locus coeruleus
which releases _____________, which results in instantaneous hypervigilance. - ANSWER
norepinephrine
Stressful events are perceived at the __________, processed at the _______, which then ac-
tivates lower brain areas & puts the limbic system on alert - ANSWER cortex, amygdala
_________ ions act as a brake and dampen the limbic alert - ANSWER chloride
what is responsible for the release of stress hormones? - ANSWER limbic system and hy-
pothalamus by activating the SNS, HTA, or HPA
________ enhance the flow of negative (chloride) ions which results in widespread calming
in may areas of the brain - ANSWER benzodiazepines
excitability in the locus coerulues is also mediated by _______ - ANSWER serotonin
in the Locus Coeruleus, serotonin is ____________. - ANSWER inhibitory
1
, A decrease in serotonin may impact the locus coeruleus by making it more disinhibited and
more sensitive to ___________. - ANSWER activation
Acquired fears appear to be mediated primarily by the ___________. - ANSWER amyg-
dala
After very frightening events, the amygdala ________ certain stimulus events of the experi-
ence. These memories are highly resistant to extinction. - ANSWER encodes
There is speculation that _______ many play a role in inhibiting cellular reactivity in the
amygdala - ANSWER serotonin
This antiseizure medication is primarily used to treat anxiety in bipolar disorder - AN-
SWER gabapentin
What are four medication options for treating GAD? - ANSWER benzodiazepines, atypical
antianxiety (buspirone), SNRIs and SSRIs, andn gabapentin
_______ reduces worry and rumination seen in GAD, but it is not addictive - ANSWER
Buspirone
Benzodiazepines can be used to treat severe cases of GAD, but should not be used if the pa-
tient is at risk for ___________ - ANSWER dependence/substance abuse
Pervasive forms social anxiety (and avoidant personality disorder) may be treated with what
three medications? - ANSWER SSRIs, SNRIs, or MAOIs
Specific phobias are generally not treated with __________________. - ANSWER psycho-
tropic medications
2
