SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY BIOLOGY ENTRANCE EXAM
2026/2027 | Medicine Section Complete Guide | Complete
Solution | Pass Guaranteed - A+ Graded
Section 1: Cell Biology - Structure, Organelles & Membrane
Transport (Questions 1-18)
Q1. Which organelle is responsible for ATP synthesis through oxidative
phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Mitochondrion
C. Lysosome
D. Peroxisome
Rationale: The mitochondrion contains the electron transport chain and ATP
synthase, producing ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. The Golgi apparatus (Option
A) modifies and packages proteins. Lysosomes (Option C) contain hydrolytic enzymes
for degradation. Peroxisomes (Option D) break down fatty acids and hydrogen
peroxide.
Correct Answer: B
Q2. A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. Which direction will water move, and
what will happen to the cell?
A. Water will move out of the cell; the cell will shrink (crenation)
B. Water will move into the cell; the cell will swell and may burst (lysis)
C. Water will not move; the cell will remain unchanged
D. Water will move into the cell; the cell will shrink
,Rationale: In a hypotonic solution, the extracellular solute concentration is lower
than intracellular. Water moves down its concentration gradient into the cell via
osmosis, causing the cell to swell and potentially lyse (in animal cells) or become
turgid (in plant cells). Option A describes hypertonic. Option C describes isotonic.
Option D reverses the outcome.
Correct Answer: B
Q3. Which of the following correctly matches the organelle with its primary function?
A. Rough ER — lipid synthesis
B. Smooth ER — protein synthesis
C. Golgi apparatus — modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids
D. Lysosome — ATP production
Rationale: The Golgi apparatus modifies (glycosylation), sorts, and packages
proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport. Rough ER (Option A) synthesizes
proteins. Smooth ER (Option B) synthesizes lipids and detoxifies. Lysosomes (Option
D) degrade macromolecules.
Correct Answer: C
Q4. Which cytoskeletal element is composed of tubulin dimers and is essential for
chromosome movement during cell division?
A. Actin filaments (microfilaments)
B. Intermediate filaments
C. Microtubules
D. Myosin filaments
Rationale: Microtubules are polymers of α- and β-tubulin dimers. They form the
mitotic spindle that separates chromosomes during anaphase. Actin filaments
(Option A) are involved in cell motility and muscle contraction. Intermediate
,filaments (Option B) provide structural support. Myosin (Option D) is a motor protein,
not a cytoskeletal element.
Correct Answer: C
Q5. Which type of membrane transport requires ATP and moves substances against
their concentration gradient?
A. Simple diffusion
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Active transport
D. Osmosis
Rationale: Active transport uses ATP (directly or indirectly) to move substances
against their concentration gradient (low → high). Simple diffusion (Option A) and
facilitated diffusion (Option B) move down the gradient (no ATP). Osmosis (Option D)
is passive water movement.
Correct Answer: C
Q6. The sodium-potassium pump (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase) moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺
ions into the cell per ATP hydrolyzed. Which type of transport does this represent?
A. Passive transport
B. Secondary active transport
C. Primary active transport
D. Facilitated diffusion
Rationale: The Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase is primary active transport because it directly
hydrolyzes ATP to move ions against their gradients. Secondary active transport
(Option B) uses the electrochemical gradient established by primary active transport
but does not directly use ATP. Options A and D are passive processes.
Correct Answer: C
, Q7. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of prokaryotic cells but NOT
eukaryotic cells?
A. Presence of ribosomes
B. Presence of a plasma membrane
C. Presence of a nucleoid region (non-membrane-bound DNA)
D. Presence of mitochondria
Rationale: Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus and instead have a
nucleoid region where their circular DNA is located. Both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes have ribosomes (Option A) and plasma membranes (Option B).
Mitochondria (Option D) are eukaryotic organelles.
Correct Answer: C
Q8. A macrophage engulfs a bacterium by extending its plasma membrane around
the particle. Which process is this?
A. Exocytosis
B. Pinocytosis
C. Phagocytosis
D. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Rationale: Phagocytosis ("cell eating") is the engulfment of large particles (bacteria,
cellular debris) by extension of the plasma membrane. Exocytosis (Option A) releases
materials from the cell. Pinocytosis (Option B) is "cell drinking" of extracellular fluid.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis (Option D) is selective uptake of specific molecules.
Correct Answer: C
Q9. Which organelle contains enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)
into water and oxygen?
2026/2027 | Medicine Section Complete Guide | Complete
Solution | Pass Guaranteed - A+ Graded
Section 1: Cell Biology - Structure, Organelles & Membrane
Transport (Questions 1-18)
Q1. Which organelle is responsible for ATP synthesis through oxidative
phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Mitochondrion
C. Lysosome
D. Peroxisome
Rationale: The mitochondrion contains the electron transport chain and ATP
synthase, producing ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. The Golgi apparatus (Option
A) modifies and packages proteins. Lysosomes (Option C) contain hydrolytic enzymes
for degradation. Peroxisomes (Option D) break down fatty acids and hydrogen
peroxide.
Correct Answer: B
Q2. A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. Which direction will water move, and
what will happen to the cell?
A. Water will move out of the cell; the cell will shrink (crenation)
B. Water will move into the cell; the cell will swell and may burst (lysis)
C. Water will not move; the cell will remain unchanged
D. Water will move into the cell; the cell will shrink
,Rationale: In a hypotonic solution, the extracellular solute concentration is lower
than intracellular. Water moves down its concentration gradient into the cell via
osmosis, causing the cell to swell and potentially lyse (in animal cells) or become
turgid (in plant cells). Option A describes hypertonic. Option C describes isotonic.
Option D reverses the outcome.
Correct Answer: B
Q3. Which of the following correctly matches the organelle with its primary function?
A. Rough ER — lipid synthesis
B. Smooth ER — protein synthesis
C. Golgi apparatus — modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids
D. Lysosome — ATP production
Rationale: The Golgi apparatus modifies (glycosylation), sorts, and packages
proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport. Rough ER (Option A) synthesizes
proteins. Smooth ER (Option B) synthesizes lipids and detoxifies. Lysosomes (Option
D) degrade macromolecules.
Correct Answer: C
Q4. Which cytoskeletal element is composed of tubulin dimers and is essential for
chromosome movement during cell division?
A. Actin filaments (microfilaments)
B. Intermediate filaments
C. Microtubules
D. Myosin filaments
Rationale: Microtubules are polymers of α- and β-tubulin dimers. They form the
mitotic spindle that separates chromosomes during anaphase. Actin filaments
(Option A) are involved in cell motility and muscle contraction. Intermediate
,filaments (Option B) provide structural support. Myosin (Option D) is a motor protein,
not a cytoskeletal element.
Correct Answer: C
Q5. Which type of membrane transport requires ATP and moves substances against
their concentration gradient?
A. Simple diffusion
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Active transport
D. Osmosis
Rationale: Active transport uses ATP (directly or indirectly) to move substances
against their concentration gradient (low → high). Simple diffusion (Option A) and
facilitated diffusion (Option B) move down the gradient (no ATP). Osmosis (Option D)
is passive water movement.
Correct Answer: C
Q6. The sodium-potassium pump (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase) moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺
ions into the cell per ATP hydrolyzed. Which type of transport does this represent?
A. Passive transport
B. Secondary active transport
C. Primary active transport
D. Facilitated diffusion
Rationale: The Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase is primary active transport because it directly
hydrolyzes ATP to move ions against their gradients. Secondary active transport
(Option B) uses the electrochemical gradient established by primary active transport
but does not directly use ATP. Options A and D are passive processes.
Correct Answer: C
, Q7. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of prokaryotic cells but NOT
eukaryotic cells?
A. Presence of ribosomes
B. Presence of a plasma membrane
C. Presence of a nucleoid region (non-membrane-bound DNA)
D. Presence of mitochondria
Rationale: Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus and instead have a
nucleoid region where their circular DNA is located. Both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes have ribosomes (Option A) and plasma membranes (Option B).
Mitochondria (Option D) are eukaryotic organelles.
Correct Answer: C
Q8. A macrophage engulfs a bacterium by extending its plasma membrane around
the particle. Which process is this?
A. Exocytosis
B. Pinocytosis
C. Phagocytosis
D. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Rationale: Phagocytosis ("cell eating") is the engulfment of large particles (bacteria,
cellular debris) by extension of the plasma membrane. Exocytosis (Option A) releases
materials from the cell. Pinocytosis (Option B) is "cell drinking" of extracellular fluid.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis (Option D) is selective uptake of specific molecules.
Correct Answer: C
Q9. Which organelle contains enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)
into water and oxygen?
