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NSG 5003 WEEK 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 KNOWLEDGE CHECK
QUIZ / NSG5003 WEEK 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 QUIZ
(KNOWLEDGE CHECK) (NEWEST-2026/2027): ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: SOUTH UNIVERSITY |100% VERIFIED AND
CORRECT ANSWERS|
Question (Week 1)
Which type of cellular adaptation is characterized by a decrease in cell size?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C (Atrophy is a decrease in cell size; hypertrophy is an increase in cell
size; hyperplasia is an increase in cell number; metaplasia is the replacement of
one cell type by another.)
Week 2: Fluid & Electrolyte Imbalances
Key Concepts Study Points
Fluid Intracellular fluid (ICF) – 2/3 of total body water; extracellular fluid (ECF) –
compartments 1/3 (interstitial, intravascular, transcellular)
Osmosis &
Isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic solutions – effect on cells
tonicity
Hyponatremia (causes: SIADH, diuretics, vomiting; symptoms: confusion,
Sodium
seizures) vs hypernatremia (causes: dehydration, diabetes insipidus;
imbalances
symptoms: thirst, altered mental status)
pg. 1
,2
Key Concepts Study Points
Hypokalemia (causes: diuretics, alkalosis; symptoms: weakness, arrhythm
Potassium
vs hyperkalemia (causes: renal failure, acidosis; symptoms: peaked T wave
imbalances
muscle weakness)
Hypocalcemia (causes: hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency; sympto
Calcium
tetany, Chvostek sign) vs hypercalcemia (causes: hyperparathyroidism,
imbalances
malignancy; symptoms: bone pain, renal stones)
Hypomagnesemia (causes: loop diuretics, GI losses; symptoms: tremor,
Magnesium
arrhythmias) vs hypermagnesemia (causes: renal failure; symptoms:
imbalances
hypotension, hyporeflexia)
Question (Week 2)
A patient with renal failure has a serum potassium of 7.0 mEq/L. Which ECG
finding is most likely?
A. Flattened T waves
B. Peaked T waves
C. U waves
D. ST-segment depression
Answer: B (Peaked T waves are characteristic of hyperkalemia; flattened T waves
and U waves are seen in hypokalemia.)
Week 3: Acid-Base Imbalances
Key Concepts Study Points
Normal values pH 7.35–7.45, PaCO₂ 35–45 mm Hg, HCO₃ 22–26 mEq/L
pg. 2
,3
Key Concepts Study Points
Causes: hypoventilation (COPD, opioid overdose, pneumonia);
Respiratory acidosis
compensation: increased HCO₃
Respiratory Causes: hyperventilation (pain, anxiety, PE); compensation: decreased
alkalosis HCO₃
Causes: DKA, renal failure, lactic acidosis, diarrhea; compensation:
Metabolic acidosis
increased respiratory rate (Kussmaul respirations)
Causes: vomiting, NG suction, thiazide diuretics; compensation: decrea
Metabolic alkalosis
respiratory rate
Mixed acid-base Need to interpret ABGs with compensatory mechanisms; use of Winter
disorders formula for metabolic acidosis
Question (Week 3)
A patient has an arterial blood gas with a pH of 7.28, PaCO₂ of 48 mm Hg, and
HCO₃ of 24 mEq/L. What is the acid-base disorder?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Answer: C (Low pH = acidosis; elevated PaCO₂ >45 = respiratory acidosis; normal
HCO₃ indicates no metabolic compensation.)
Week 4: Inflammation, Immunity, & Infection
pg. 3
, 4
Key Concepts Study Points
First line (skin, mucous membranes) and second line (inflammatory
Innate immunity
response, complement, NK cells, phagocytes)
Third line (lymphocytes) – cellular immunity (T cells) vs humoral immun
Adaptive immunity
(B cells, antibodies)
Inflammatory Vasodilation → increased permeability → neutrophil emigration →
response phagocytosis; cardinal signs: rubor, calor, tumor, dolor, functio laesa
Cytokines Pro-inflammatory (e.g., IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α) vs anti-inflammatory (e.g., IL-1
Type I (IgE/antigen – anaphylaxis), Type II (IgG/IgM – hemolytic anemia
Hypersensitivity
Type III (immune complex – glomerulonephritis), Type IV (cell-mediated
reactions
contact dermatitis)
Autoimmune Loss of self-tolerance; examples: SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabe
diseases Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Question (Week 4)
A patient develops urticaria and hypotension within minutes after receiving a
penicillin injection. This is an example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer: A (Type I hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated and occurs rapidly, causing
anaphylaxis, urticaria, and hypotension.)
Week 5: Infection & Cancer
pg. 4
NSG 5003 WEEK 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 KNOWLEDGE CHECK
QUIZ / NSG5003 WEEK 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 QUIZ
(KNOWLEDGE CHECK) (NEWEST-2026/2027): ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: SOUTH UNIVERSITY |100% VERIFIED AND
CORRECT ANSWERS|
Question (Week 1)
Which type of cellular adaptation is characterized by a decrease in cell size?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C (Atrophy is a decrease in cell size; hypertrophy is an increase in cell
size; hyperplasia is an increase in cell number; metaplasia is the replacement of
one cell type by another.)
Week 2: Fluid & Electrolyte Imbalances
Key Concepts Study Points
Fluid Intracellular fluid (ICF) – 2/3 of total body water; extracellular fluid (ECF) –
compartments 1/3 (interstitial, intravascular, transcellular)
Osmosis &
Isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic solutions – effect on cells
tonicity
Hyponatremia (causes: SIADH, diuretics, vomiting; symptoms: confusion,
Sodium
seizures) vs hypernatremia (causes: dehydration, diabetes insipidus;
imbalances
symptoms: thirst, altered mental status)
pg. 1
,2
Key Concepts Study Points
Hypokalemia (causes: diuretics, alkalosis; symptoms: weakness, arrhythm
Potassium
vs hyperkalemia (causes: renal failure, acidosis; symptoms: peaked T wave
imbalances
muscle weakness)
Hypocalcemia (causes: hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency; sympto
Calcium
tetany, Chvostek sign) vs hypercalcemia (causes: hyperparathyroidism,
imbalances
malignancy; symptoms: bone pain, renal stones)
Hypomagnesemia (causes: loop diuretics, GI losses; symptoms: tremor,
Magnesium
arrhythmias) vs hypermagnesemia (causes: renal failure; symptoms:
imbalances
hypotension, hyporeflexia)
Question (Week 2)
A patient with renal failure has a serum potassium of 7.0 mEq/L. Which ECG
finding is most likely?
A. Flattened T waves
B. Peaked T waves
C. U waves
D. ST-segment depression
Answer: B (Peaked T waves are characteristic of hyperkalemia; flattened T waves
and U waves are seen in hypokalemia.)
Week 3: Acid-Base Imbalances
Key Concepts Study Points
Normal values pH 7.35–7.45, PaCO₂ 35–45 mm Hg, HCO₃ 22–26 mEq/L
pg. 2
,3
Key Concepts Study Points
Causes: hypoventilation (COPD, opioid overdose, pneumonia);
Respiratory acidosis
compensation: increased HCO₃
Respiratory Causes: hyperventilation (pain, anxiety, PE); compensation: decreased
alkalosis HCO₃
Causes: DKA, renal failure, lactic acidosis, diarrhea; compensation:
Metabolic acidosis
increased respiratory rate (Kussmaul respirations)
Causes: vomiting, NG suction, thiazide diuretics; compensation: decrea
Metabolic alkalosis
respiratory rate
Mixed acid-base Need to interpret ABGs with compensatory mechanisms; use of Winter
disorders formula for metabolic acidosis
Question (Week 3)
A patient has an arterial blood gas with a pH of 7.28, PaCO₂ of 48 mm Hg, and
HCO₃ of 24 mEq/L. What is the acid-base disorder?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Answer: C (Low pH = acidosis; elevated PaCO₂ >45 = respiratory acidosis; normal
HCO₃ indicates no metabolic compensation.)
Week 4: Inflammation, Immunity, & Infection
pg. 3
, 4
Key Concepts Study Points
First line (skin, mucous membranes) and second line (inflammatory
Innate immunity
response, complement, NK cells, phagocytes)
Third line (lymphocytes) – cellular immunity (T cells) vs humoral immun
Adaptive immunity
(B cells, antibodies)
Inflammatory Vasodilation → increased permeability → neutrophil emigration →
response phagocytosis; cardinal signs: rubor, calor, tumor, dolor, functio laesa
Cytokines Pro-inflammatory (e.g., IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α) vs anti-inflammatory (e.g., IL-1
Type I (IgE/antigen – anaphylaxis), Type II (IgG/IgM – hemolytic anemia
Hypersensitivity
Type III (immune complex – glomerulonephritis), Type IV (cell-mediated
reactions
contact dermatitis)
Autoimmune Loss of self-tolerance; examples: SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabe
diseases Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Question (Week 4)
A patient develops urticaria and hypotension within minutes after receiving a
penicillin injection. This is an example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer: A (Type I hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated and occurs rapidly, causing
anaphylaxis, urticaria, and hypotension.)
Week 5: Infection & Cancer
pg. 4
