Bio Exam 4 Questions With Correct
Marking Scheme
/. What are the types of thyroid cancers? - Answer-✅Papillary, Follicular, Medullary,
Anaplastic
/.Which thyroid cancers are the most common and are typically well-differentiated (aka
the cancer cells look a lot like normal cells)? - Answer-✅Papillary and follicular
/.Which thyroid cancers are undifferentiated, more aggressive and metastatic, and more
difficult to treat? - Answer-✅Medullary and anaplastic
/.Papillary thyroid cancer - Answer-✅most common, well differentiated
/.Where does papillary thyroid cancer develop? - Answer-✅follicular cells
/.Follicular thyroid cancer - Answer-✅most common, well differentiated
/.Where does follicular thyroid cancer develop? - Answer-✅Follicular
/.anaplastic thyroid cancer - Answer-✅undifferentiated,
more aggressive and metastatic,
and more difficult to treat
/.Where does anaplastic thyroid cancer develop? - Answer-✅follicular cells
/.medullary thyroid cancer - Answer-✅undifferentiated,
more aggressive and metastatic,
and more difficult to treat.
/.Where does medullary thyroid cancer develop? - Answer-✅parafollicular cells
/.Which thyroid cancers develop from follicular cells? - Answer-✅Papillary, follicular,
anaplastic
/.Which thyroid cancer develops from parafollicular cells? - Answer-✅Medullary
/.What does RAI (therapy) stand for? - Answer-✅radioactive iodine therapy
/.What is RAI therapy? - Answer-✅focuses radiation on the thyroid to treat thyroid
cancer, affecting rapidly replicating cells in the area for localized treatment
,/.Why do people who have had radiation before are at risk for developing Thyroid
Cancer? - Answer-✅Radiation to the head and neck area can damage thyroid cells,
causing mutations that increase the risk of thyroid cancer.
/.What are hydrophilic hormones? - Answer-✅- dissolves in water
- bind to receptors on target cells
- affects gene expression of certain genes.
- example of hormone is estrogen
- "water-loving"
/.whats an example of a hydrophilic hormone? - Answer-✅estrogen
/.What are hydrophobic hormones? - Answer-✅- doesn't dissolve in water
- can cross the plasma membrane on target cells
- can affect gene expression of certain genes from the inside
- "water-fearing"
/.What's the difference between hydrophilic hormones and hydrophobic hormones? -
Answer-✅Hydrophilic hormones dissolve in water, bind to surface receptors, and affect
gene expression indirectly.
Hydrophobic hormones don't dissolve in water, cross cell membranes, and affect gene
expression directly.
/.How do hormones control ovulation? - Answer-✅As an egg matures in the ovary, it
releases estrogen, which travels to the brain and triggers the release of GnRH. GnRH
then prompts the pituitary gland to release LH, which in turn causes the ovaries to
release the mature egg
/.What are the components of the female reproductive system? - Answer-✅Ovaries,
oviducts, uterus, cervix, and vagina
/.ovaries - Answer-✅- ovaries are paired in the abdominal cavity
- they're responsible for storing and releasing eggs
- bio females are born with 1 million eggs at birth
- release 1 egg every 28 days for around 37 years
- remaining eggs never released will degenerate
/.oviducts - Answer-✅- aka uterine tubes/fallopian tubes
- site of fertilization
- paired
-not directly connected to ovary
o Ectopic pregnancy possible (a pregnancy outside of the uterus)
/.Uterus - Answer-✅- Pear-shaped & a bit larger than pear
- composed of thick layer smooth muscle (myometrium)
, -The innermost lining, endometrium, is where a fertilized egg implants and grows during
pregnancy.
- endometrium is shed every 28 days if no pregnancy
- Terminates at the cervix (a band of circular muscle)
/.cervix - Answer-✅- secretes mucus
-near ovulation, its thin (it aids transport of sperm to oviducts)
- During pregnancy, a thick mucus plug forms at the cervix to protect the baby from
infection
- sits between the uterus and the vagina
/.vagina - Answer-✅-Receives penis during intercourse
- Secretes lubricants and mucus
/.What occurs at the ovary, uterus, and with hormones during days 0-28 on a 28-day
menstrual cycle? - Answer-✅- Days 1-5: Bleeding occurs as the uterus sheds its lining.
Eggs in follicle in the ovary start to mature.
- Days 5-14: Eggs in the ovary continue to mature inside follicles. The lining of the
uterus begins to thicken.
- Days 14-15: Ovulation. The follicle ruptures, releasing the egg, which enters the
fallopian tube. If the egg isn't fertilized within about 24 hours, it dissolves.
- Days 15-28: corpus luteum (the ruptured follicle) helps maintain uterine lining. If
fertilization doesn't occur, start process over
/.____ contributes to childbirth. - Answer-✅oxytocin
/.what are the steps of fertilization? - Answer-✅1.Sperm are produced in the testes.
2.Sperm travel through the vas deferens.
3.Sperm are ejaculated through the penis.
4.Eggs are produced in the ovaries.
5.Eggs pass from the ovaries into the oviduct (fallopian tube).
6. The penis deposits sperm into the vagina during sexual intercourse.
7. Sperm swim from the vagina, through the cervix, and into the uterus.
8. In the oviduct, one sperm fertilizes the egg.
9. The resulting zygote (fertilized egg) moves down the oviduct to the uterus.
10. The zygote implants into the uterine lining (endometrium) to continue development.
/.What's the basic anatomy of the breast? - Answer-✅glandular tissue, fibrous tissue
and fatty tissue
/.glandular tissue - Answer-✅is vital for milk production and delivery during lactation. It
consists of lobules, which generate milk, and ducts, responsible for transporting milk
from the lobules to the nipple.
/.fibrous tissue - Answer-✅provides structural support to the breast.
Marking Scheme
/. What are the types of thyroid cancers? - Answer-✅Papillary, Follicular, Medullary,
Anaplastic
/.Which thyroid cancers are the most common and are typically well-differentiated (aka
the cancer cells look a lot like normal cells)? - Answer-✅Papillary and follicular
/.Which thyroid cancers are undifferentiated, more aggressive and metastatic, and more
difficult to treat? - Answer-✅Medullary and anaplastic
/.Papillary thyroid cancer - Answer-✅most common, well differentiated
/.Where does papillary thyroid cancer develop? - Answer-✅follicular cells
/.Follicular thyroid cancer - Answer-✅most common, well differentiated
/.Where does follicular thyroid cancer develop? - Answer-✅Follicular
/.anaplastic thyroid cancer - Answer-✅undifferentiated,
more aggressive and metastatic,
and more difficult to treat
/.Where does anaplastic thyroid cancer develop? - Answer-✅follicular cells
/.medullary thyroid cancer - Answer-✅undifferentiated,
more aggressive and metastatic,
and more difficult to treat.
/.Where does medullary thyroid cancer develop? - Answer-✅parafollicular cells
/.Which thyroid cancers develop from follicular cells? - Answer-✅Papillary, follicular,
anaplastic
/.Which thyroid cancer develops from parafollicular cells? - Answer-✅Medullary
/.What does RAI (therapy) stand for? - Answer-✅radioactive iodine therapy
/.What is RAI therapy? - Answer-✅focuses radiation on the thyroid to treat thyroid
cancer, affecting rapidly replicating cells in the area for localized treatment
,/.Why do people who have had radiation before are at risk for developing Thyroid
Cancer? - Answer-✅Radiation to the head and neck area can damage thyroid cells,
causing mutations that increase the risk of thyroid cancer.
/.What are hydrophilic hormones? - Answer-✅- dissolves in water
- bind to receptors on target cells
- affects gene expression of certain genes.
- example of hormone is estrogen
- "water-loving"
/.whats an example of a hydrophilic hormone? - Answer-✅estrogen
/.What are hydrophobic hormones? - Answer-✅- doesn't dissolve in water
- can cross the plasma membrane on target cells
- can affect gene expression of certain genes from the inside
- "water-fearing"
/.What's the difference between hydrophilic hormones and hydrophobic hormones? -
Answer-✅Hydrophilic hormones dissolve in water, bind to surface receptors, and affect
gene expression indirectly.
Hydrophobic hormones don't dissolve in water, cross cell membranes, and affect gene
expression directly.
/.How do hormones control ovulation? - Answer-✅As an egg matures in the ovary, it
releases estrogen, which travels to the brain and triggers the release of GnRH. GnRH
then prompts the pituitary gland to release LH, which in turn causes the ovaries to
release the mature egg
/.What are the components of the female reproductive system? - Answer-✅Ovaries,
oviducts, uterus, cervix, and vagina
/.ovaries - Answer-✅- ovaries are paired in the abdominal cavity
- they're responsible for storing and releasing eggs
- bio females are born with 1 million eggs at birth
- release 1 egg every 28 days for around 37 years
- remaining eggs never released will degenerate
/.oviducts - Answer-✅- aka uterine tubes/fallopian tubes
- site of fertilization
- paired
-not directly connected to ovary
o Ectopic pregnancy possible (a pregnancy outside of the uterus)
/.Uterus - Answer-✅- Pear-shaped & a bit larger than pear
- composed of thick layer smooth muscle (myometrium)
, -The innermost lining, endometrium, is where a fertilized egg implants and grows during
pregnancy.
- endometrium is shed every 28 days if no pregnancy
- Terminates at the cervix (a band of circular muscle)
/.cervix - Answer-✅- secretes mucus
-near ovulation, its thin (it aids transport of sperm to oviducts)
- During pregnancy, a thick mucus plug forms at the cervix to protect the baby from
infection
- sits between the uterus and the vagina
/.vagina - Answer-✅-Receives penis during intercourse
- Secretes lubricants and mucus
/.What occurs at the ovary, uterus, and with hormones during days 0-28 on a 28-day
menstrual cycle? - Answer-✅- Days 1-5: Bleeding occurs as the uterus sheds its lining.
Eggs in follicle in the ovary start to mature.
- Days 5-14: Eggs in the ovary continue to mature inside follicles. The lining of the
uterus begins to thicken.
- Days 14-15: Ovulation. The follicle ruptures, releasing the egg, which enters the
fallopian tube. If the egg isn't fertilized within about 24 hours, it dissolves.
- Days 15-28: corpus luteum (the ruptured follicle) helps maintain uterine lining. If
fertilization doesn't occur, start process over
/.____ contributes to childbirth. - Answer-✅oxytocin
/.what are the steps of fertilization? - Answer-✅1.Sperm are produced in the testes.
2.Sperm travel through the vas deferens.
3.Sperm are ejaculated through the penis.
4.Eggs are produced in the ovaries.
5.Eggs pass from the ovaries into the oviduct (fallopian tube).
6. The penis deposits sperm into the vagina during sexual intercourse.
7. Sperm swim from the vagina, through the cervix, and into the uterus.
8. In the oviduct, one sperm fertilizes the egg.
9. The resulting zygote (fertilized egg) moves down the oviduct to the uterus.
10. The zygote implants into the uterine lining (endometrium) to continue development.
/.What's the basic anatomy of the breast? - Answer-✅glandular tissue, fibrous tissue
and fatty tissue
/.glandular tissue - Answer-✅is vital for milk production and delivery during lactation. It
consists of lobules, which generate milk, and ducts, responsible for transporting milk
from the lobules to the nipple.
/.fibrous tissue - Answer-✅provides structural support to the breast.
