N212 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2
STUDY GUIDE 2026| Eastwick College |
100% Correct Certification
URINARY / RENAL SYSTEM (Questions 1–30)
1. A patient with chronic kidney disease has a GFR of 12 mL/min. How should
the nurse interpret this finding?
• A) Normal kidney function
• B) Mild chronic kidney disease
• C) Severe chronic kidney disease
• D) End-stage renal disease
✅ Correct Answer: D
📘 Rationale: GFR <15 mL/min indicates end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
Stage 5 CKD requires renal replacement therapy.
2. Which electrolyte imbalance is most concerning when administering
furosemide (Lasix)?
• A) Hyperkalemia
• B) Hypokalemia
• C) Hypernatremia
, • D) Hypermagnesemia
✅ Correct Answer: B
📘 Rationale: Furosemide is a loop diuretic that causes excretion of
potassium, leading to hypokalemia, which can cause cardiac arrhythmias.
3. A patient with acute kidney injury has urine output of 300 mL in 24 hours.
Which term describes this finding?
• A) Anuria
• B) Polyuria
• C) Oliguria
• D) Nocturia
✅ Correct Answer: C
📘 Rationale: Oliguria is defined as urine output ≤400 mL/day. Anuria is <50
mL/day.
4. Which mechanism describes how the kidneys regulate blood pressure?
• A) Releasing ADH from the adrenal medulla
• B) Activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
• C) Producing thyroid-stimulating hormone
• D) Increasing insulin secretion
✅ Correct Answer: B
📘 Rationale: RAAS regulates blood pressure; renin is released from
kidneys in response to low blood pressure or low sodium.
,5. A patient with prerenal acute kidney injury is likely to have which cause?
• A) Nephrotoxic antibiotics
• B) Kidney stones
• C) Severe dehydration
• D) Glomerulonephritis
✅ Correct Answer: C
📘 Rationale: Prerenal AKI results from decreased blood flow to kidneys
(e.g., dehydration, hemorrhage, heart failure).
6. Which hormone is produced by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell
production?
• A) Renin
• B) Aldosterone
• C) Erythropoietin
• D) Cortisol
✅ Correct Answer: C
📘 Rationale: Erythropoietin (EPO) is made in the kidneys and signals bone
marrow to produce RBCs. Low EPO causes anemia in CKD.
7. A patient with chronic kidney disease has a hemoglobin of 8.5 g/dL. What is
the most likely underlying cause?
• A) Iron deficiency from poor diet
• B) Lack of erythropoietin production
• C) Hemolysis from uremia
, • D) Vitamin B12 deficiency
✅ Correct Answer: B
📘 Rationale: Damaged kidneys cannot produce enough erythropoietin,
leading to anemia of chronic disease.
8. Which lab value is most specific for evaluating kidney function?
• A) BUN
• B) Creatinine
• C) Hemoglobin
• D) WBC count
✅ Correct Answer: B
📘 Rationale: Creatinine is a waste product from muscle metabolism; it is
not affected by diet or hydration as much as BUN.
9. A patient with a ureteral stone presents with severe flank pain. This is
classified as which type of acute kidney injury?
• A) Prerenal
• B) Intrarenal
• C) Postrenal
• D) Intrinsic
✅ Correct Answer: C
📘 Rationale: Postrenal AKI is caused by obstruction distal to the kidney
(e.g., stones, tumors, BPH).
STUDY GUIDE 2026| Eastwick College |
100% Correct Certification
URINARY / RENAL SYSTEM (Questions 1–30)
1. A patient with chronic kidney disease has a GFR of 12 mL/min. How should
the nurse interpret this finding?
• A) Normal kidney function
• B) Mild chronic kidney disease
• C) Severe chronic kidney disease
• D) End-stage renal disease
✅ Correct Answer: D
📘 Rationale: GFR <15 mL/min indicates end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
Stage 5 CKD requires renal replacement therapy.
2. Which electrolyte imbalance is most concerning when administering
furosemide (Lasix)?
• A) Hyperkalemia
• B) Hypokalemia
• C) Hypernatremia
, • D) Hypermagnesemia
✅ Correct Answer: B
📘 Rationale: Furosemide is a loop diuretic that causes excretion of
potassium, leading to hypokalemia, which can cause cardiac arrhythmias.
3. A patient with acute kidney injury has urine output of 300 mL in 24 hours.
Which term describes this finding?
• A) Anuria
• B) Polyuria
• C) Oliguria
• D) Nocturia
✅ Correct Answer: C
📘 Rationale: Oliguria is defined as urine output ≤400 mL/day. Anuria is <50
mL/day.
4. Which mechanism describes how the kidneys regulate blood pressure?
• A) Releasing ADH from the adrenal medulla
• B) Activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
• C) Producing thyroid-stimulating hormone
• D) Increasing insulin secretion
✅ Correct Answer: B
📘 Rationale: RAAS regulates blood pressure; renin is released from
kidneys in response to low blood pressure or low sodium.
,5. A patient with prerenal acute kidney injury is likely to have which cause?
• A) Nephrotoxic antibiotics
• B) Kidney stones
• C) Severe dehydration
• D) Glomerulonephritis
✅ Correct Answer: C
📘 Rationale: Prerenal AKI results from decreased blood flow to kidneys
(e.g., dehydration, hemorrhage, heart failure).
6. Which hormone is produced by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell
production?
• A) Renin
• B) Aldosterone
• C) Erythropoietin
• D) Cortisol
✅ Correct Answer: C
📘 Rationale: Erythropoietin (EPO) is made in the kidneys and signals bone
marrow to produce RBCs. Low EPO causes anemia in CKD.
7. A patient with chronic kidney disease has a hemoglobin of 8.5 g/dL. What is
the most likely underlying cause?
• A) Iron deficiency from poor diet
• B) Lack of erythropoietin production
• C) Hemolysis from uremia
, • D) Vitamin B12 deficiency
✅ Correct Answer: B
📘 Rationale: Damaged kidneys cannot produce enough erythropoietin,
leading to anemia of chronic disease.
8. Which lab value is most specific for evaluating kidney function?
• A) BUN
• B) Creatinine
• C) Hemoglobin
• D) WBC count
✅ Correct Answer: B
📘 Rationale: Creatinine is a waste product from muscle metabolism; it is
not affected by diet or hydration as much as BUN.
9. A patient with a ureteral stone presents with severe flank pain. This is
classified as which type of acute kidney injury?
• A) Prerenal
• B) Intrarenal
• C) Postrenal
• D) Intrinsic
✅ Correct Answer: C
📘 Rationale: Postrenal AKI is caused by obstruction distal to the kidney
(e.g., stones, tumors, BPH).
