CCTC EXAM TWO PACKAGE ACTUAL
EXAMINATION 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ diastole: Answer: period of ventricular relaxation resulting in
*ventricular filling*
⩥ Systole: Answer: period of *ventricular contraction* resulting in
ejection of blood from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta
⩥ depolarization- Answer: -electrical activation of a cell caused by the
influx of sodium into the cell while potassium exits the cell
-Exchange of electrolytes (ions) creates a positively charged intracellular
space and a negatively charged extracellular space
⩥ repolarization- Answer: -Return of the cell to resting state, caused by
reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.
-happens when depolarization is complete
⩥ Refractory period- Answer: Period when the myocardial cells
completely repolarize
-if there is no refractory period the heart will not be filled properly and
the body will not be profused correctly
,⩥ Afterload- Answer: the amount of resistance to ejection of blood from
the ventricle
⩥ Preload- Answer: -degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the
end of diastole
-amount of blood in the ventricles after diastole
⩥ Only artery in body that carries deoxygenated blood? Answer:
pulmonary artery
⩥ veins that carry oxygenated blood Answer: pulmonary veins and
umbilical veins
⩥ atrioventricular (AV) valves- Answer: between atria and ventricles
-Bicuspid (mitral) valve (left side of heart) (2 leaflets)
-Tricuspid valve (right side of heart) (3 leaflets)
open during diastole allowing blood in the atria to flow freely into the
relaxed ventricles
closed during ventricular systole
⩥ semilunar valves Answer: pulmonary and aortic valves located
between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery (pulmonic valve)
and between the left ventricle and the aorta (aortic valve)
,-closed during diastole
-opened during ventricular systole as blood is ejected from the right and
left ventricles into the pulmonary artera and aorta
⩥ Automaticity- Answer: ability of the heart to initiate an electrical
impulse
⩥ Excitability- Answer: ability of the heart to respond to an electrical
impulse
⩥ Conductivity- Answer: ability of the heart to transmit an electrical
impulse
⩥ What gives the heart the ability to have automaticity, excitability, and
conductivity? Answer: the nodal cells and the purkinje cells
⩥ sinoatrial (SA) node Answer: primary pacemaker of the heart
-located at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium
-normal inherent firing rate of 60-100 impulses per min.
⩥ atrioventricular (AV) node Answer: Secondary pacemaker of heart
-Normal intrinsic rate of 40-60
-located in the right atrial wall near the tricuspid valve
, ⩥ cardiac conduction system Answer: a system of specialized muscle
tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat
-electrical impulses initiated by the SA node are conducted along the
myocardial cells of the atria via specialized tracts called internodal
pathways. The impulses cause electrical stimulation and subsequent
contraction of the atria. The impulses are then conducted to the AV node.
The AV node coordinates the incoming electrical impulse from the atria
and after a slight delay relays the impulse to the ventricles.
⩥ Cardiac Output (CO)- Answer: the amount of blood ejected by one of
the ventricles in liters per min
-4 to 6 L/min
⩥ Stroke volume- Answer: amount of blood ejected from one of the
ventricles per heartbeat
-60 to 130 mL
⩥ Vagal Nerve Stimulation (VNS) Answer: Affects heart rate by slowing
it down. Lowers BP. Preforming vagal maneuver can slow heart beat
down. Ex: bearing down to use the bathroom, coughing
⩥ Where do catecholamines come from? Answer: adrenal gland
EXAMINATION 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ diastole: Answer: period of ventricular relaxation resulting in
*ventricular filling*
⩥ Systole: Answer: period of *ventricular contraction* resulting in
ejection of blood from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta
⩥ depolarization- Answer: -electrical activation of a cell caused by the
influx of sodium into the cell while potassium exits the cell
-Exchange of electrolytes (ions) creates a positively charged intracellular
space and a negatively charged extracellular space
⩥ repolarization- Answer: -Return of the cell to resting state, caused by
reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.
-happens when depolarization is complete
⩥ Refractory period- Answer: Period when the myocardial cells
completely repolarize
-if there is no refractory period the heart will not be filled properly and
the body will not be profused correctly
,⩥ Afterload- Answer: the amount of resistance to ejection of blood from
the ventricle
⩥ Preload- Answer: -degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the
end of diastole
-amount of blood in the ventricles after diastole
⩥ Only artery in body that carries deoxygenated blood? Answer:
pulmonary artery
⩥ veins that carry oxygenated blood Answer: pulmonary veins and
umbilical veins
⩥ atrioventricular (AV) valves- Answer: between atria and ventricles
-Bicuspid (mitral) valve (left side of heart) (2 leaflets)
-Tricuspid valve (right side of heart) (3 leaflets)
open during diastole allowing blood in the atria to flow freely into the
relaxed ventricles
closed during ventricular systole
⩥ semilunar valves Answer: pulmonary and aortic valves located
between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery (pulmonic valve)
and between the left ventricle and the aorta (aortic valve)
,-closed during diastole
-opened during ventricular systole as blood is ejected from the right and
left ventricles into the pulmonary artera and aorta
⩥ Automaticity- Answer: ability of the heart to initiate an electrical
impulse
⩥ Excitability- Answer: ability of the heart to respond to an electrical
impulse
⩥ Conductivity- Answer: ability of the heart to transmit an electrical
impulse
⩥ What gives the heart the ability to have automaticity, excitability, and
conductivity? Answer: the nodal cells and the purkinje cells
⩥ sinoatrial (SA) node Answer: primary pacemaker of the heart
-located at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium
-normal inherent firing rate of 60-100 impulses per min.
⩥ atrioventricular (AV) node Answer: Secondary pacemaker of heart
-Normal intrinsic rate of 40-60
-located in the right atrial wall near the tricuspid valve
, ⩥ cardiac conduction system Answer: a system of specialized muscle
tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat
-electrical impulses initiated by the SA node are conducted along the
myocardial cells of the atria via specialized tracts called internodal
pathways. The impulses cause electrical stimulation and subsequent
contraction of the atria. The impulses are then conducted to the AV node.
The AV node coordinates the incoming electrical impulse from the atria
and after a slight delay relays the impulse to the ventricles.
⩥ Cardiac Output (CO)- Answer: the amount of blood ejected by one of
the ventricles in liters per min
-4 to 6 L/min
⩥ Stroke volume- Answer: amount of blood ejected from one of the
ventricles per heartbeat
-60 to 130 mL
⩥ Vagal Nerve Stimulation (VNS) Answer: Affects heart rate by slowing
it down. Lowers BP. Preforming vagal maneuver can slow heart beat
down. Ex: bearing down to use the bathroom, coughing
⩥ Where do catecholamines come from? Answer: adrenal gland
