[02/04, 2:06 am] Meta AI: Here is the *expanded FULL Chapter 5 table* with *more chemical
constituents and detailed uses* (exam-level depth):
---
*D.PHARM 1ST YEAR - PHARMACOGNOSY (CHAPTER 5)*
*STUDY OF CRUDE DRUGS (THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION) - EXPANDED*
*A. LAXATIVES*
Drug Biological Source Chemical Constituents Therapeutic Efficacy/Uses
**Aloe** Dried juice of leaves of *Aloe barbadensis*, Fam. LiliaceaeAnthraquinone
glycosides (Aloin A&B, Barbaloin, Aloe-emodin, aloesin); resins, aloesonePurgative
(stimulates colon), used in constipation, skin burns, wound healing, cosmetic preparations
**Castor oil** Fixed oil from seeds of *Ricinus communis*, Fam. Euphorbiaceae
Triglyceride of ricinoleic acid (90%), oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid Lubricant laxative
(irritates intestinal mucosa), used before X-ray, labor induction, as plasticizer in
pharmaceuticals
**Ispaghula** Dried seeds of *Plantago ovata*, Fam. Plantaginaceae Mucilage (30%,
arabinoxylan), pentosans, fixed oil, proteins Bulk laxative (absorbs water, increases stool
bulk), demulcent, used in constipation, diarrhoea, IBS, piles, ulcerative colitis
**Senna** Dried leaflets of *Cassia angustifolia* (Indian senna), Fam. Leguminosae
Sennoside A, B, C, D (anthraquinone glycosides), rhein, aloe-emodin, mucilage, flavonoids
Stimulant purgative (increases peristalsis), used in habitual constipation,
pre-operative bowel evacuation
*B. CARDIOTONIC*
Drug Biological Source Chemical Constituents Therapeutic Efficacy/Uses
**Digitalis** Dried leaves of *Digitalis purpurea*, Fam. Scrophulariaceae Cardiac
glycosides (Digitoxin, Digoxin, Gitoxin, gitalin), saponins, flavonoids Cardiotonic
(increases force of contraction), used in congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, atrial
flutter; narrow therapeutic index
**Arjuna** Dried bark of *Terminalia arjuna*, Fam. Combretaceae Tannins (15-20%),
arjunolic acid, arjungenin, flavonoids (arjunone), glycosides, minerals (Ca, Mg, Zn)
Cardiotonic, hypotensive, anti-ischemic, used in angina, coronary artery disease,
hyperlipidemia, heart failure
*C. CARMINATIVES & G.I. REGULATORS*
Drug Biological Source Chemical Constituents Therapeutic Efficacy/Uses
**Coriander** Dried fruit of *Coriandrum sativum*, Fam. Umbelliferae Volatile oil
(0.3-1%, linalool 60-70%, coriandrol, pinene), fixed oil, proteins Carminative, stimulant,
stomachic, spasmolytic, flavouring agent in pharmaceuticals
**Fennel** Dried fruit of *Foeniculum vulgare*, Fam. Umbelliferae Volatile oil (2-6%,
anethole 50-60%, fenchone 20%), fixed oil, proteinsCarminative, expectorant, galactagogue,
stomachic, used in infant colic, flatulence
**Cardamom**Dried fruit of *Elettaria cardamomum*, Fam. ZingiberaceaeVolatile oil (3-8%,
cineole, terpinyl acetate, terpineol), starch, fixed oil Carminative, stimulant, flavouring agent,
used in dyspepsia, flatulence, loss of appetite
**Ginger** Dried rhizome of *Zingiber officinale*, Fam. Zingiberaceae Volatile oil (1-3%,
zingiberene), gingerol, shogaol, zingerone, resins Carminative, stimulant, anti-emetic
(motion sickness, pregnancy), anti-inflammatory, used in dyspepsia, colic
, **Clove** Dried flower bud of *Syzygium aromaticum*, Fam. Myrtaceae Volatile oil
(15-20%, eugenol 80-90%, acetyl eugenol), tannins, gum Carminative, dental analgesic,
antiseptic, counter-irritant, used in toothache, flatulence
**Black Pepper** Dried fruit of *Piper nigrum*, Fam. Piperaceae Volatile oil (1-2%),
alkaloid (piperine 5-9%), piperidine, starch Carminative, stimulant, bioavailability enhancer,
used in dyspepsia, flatulence, fever
**Asafoetida**Oleo-gum-resin from root of *Ferula asafoetida*, Fam. Umbelliferae
Resin (40-65%), gum (25%), volatile oil (3-17%, sulphur compounds like disulphides)
Carminative, antispasmodic, expectorant, nervine stimulant, used in hysteria, flatulent colic,
whooping cough
**Nutmeg** Dried seed of *Myristica fragrans*, Fam. Myristicaceae Volatile oil (5-15%,
myristicin, elemicin, safrole), fixed oil (25-40%) Carminative, stimulant, flavouring,
narcotic in high dose, used in dyspepsia, diarrhoea
**Cinnamon** Dried bark of *Cinnamomum zeylanicum*, Fam. LauraceaeVolatile oil
(0.5-1%, cinnamaldehyde 60-75%, eugenol), tannins, mucilage Carminative, astringent,
stimulant, antiseptic, flavouring agent, used in diarrhoea, flatulence
*D. ASTRINGENTS*
Drug Biological Source Chemical Constituents Therapeutic Efficacy/Uses
**Myrobalan**Dried fruit of *Terminalia chebula*, Fam. Combretaceae Tannins (30-40%,
chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, gallic acid), chebulin Astringent, laxative (mild), used
in diarrhoea, dysentery, sore throat, as hair dye
**Black Catechu** Extract from heartwood of *Acacia catechu*, Fam. Leguminosae
Tannins (25-35%, catechin, catechutannic acid), catechin, quercetin Astringent, used in
diarrhoea, mouth wash, bleeding gums, leucorrhoea
**Pale Catechu**
[02/04, 2:06 am] Meta AI: Here is the *expanded FULL Chapter 5 table* with *more chemical
constituents and detailed uses* (exam-level depth):
---
*D.PHARM 1ST YEAR - PHARMACOGNOSY (CHAPTER 5)*
*STUDY OF CRUDE DRUGS (THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION) - EXPANDED*
*A. LAXATIVES*
Drug Biological Source Chemical Constituents Therapeutic Efficacy/Uses
**Aloe** Dried juice of leaves of *Aloe barbadensis*, Fam. LiliaceaeAnthraquinone
glycosides (Aloin A&B, Barbaloin, Aloe-emodin, aloesin); resins, aloesonePurgative
(stimulates colon), used in constipation, skin burns, wound healing, cosmetic preparations
**Castor oil** Fixed oil from seeds of *Ricinus communis*, Fam. Euphorbiaceae
Triglyceride of ricinoleic acid (90%), oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid Lubricant laxative
(irritates intestinal mucosa), used before X-ray, labor induction, as plasticizer in
pharmaceuticals
**Ispaghula** Dried seeds of *Plantago ovata*, Fam. Plantaginaceae Mucilage (30%,
arabinoxylan), pentosans, fixed oil, proteins Bulk laxative (absorbs water, increases stool
bulk), demulcent, used in constipation, diarrhoea, IBS, piles, ulcerative colitis
**Senna** Dried leaflets of *Cassia angustifolia* (Indian senna), Fam. Leguminosae
Sennoside A, B, C, D (anthraquinone glycosides), rhein, aloe-emodin, mucilage, flavonoids
constituents and detailed uses* (exam-level depth):
---
*D.PHARM 1ST YEAR - PHARMACOGNOSY (CHAPTER 5)*
*STUDY OF CRUDE DRUGS (THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION) - EXPANDED*
*A. LAXATIVES*
Drug Biological Source Chemical Constituents Therapeutic Efficacy/Uses
**Aloe** Dried juice of leaves of *Aloe barbadensis*, Fam. LiliaceaeAnthraquinone
glycosides (Aloin A&B, Barbaloin, Aloe-emodin, aloesin); resins, aloesonePurgative
(stimulates colon), used in constipation, skin burns, wound healing, cosmetic preparations
**Castor oil** Fixed oil from seeds of *Ricinus communis*, Fam. Euphorbiaceae
Triglyceride of ricinoleic acid (90%), oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid Lubricant laxative
(irritates intestinal mucosa), used before X-ray, labor induction, as plasticizer in
pharmaceuticals
**Ispaghula** Dried seeds of *Plantago ovata*, Fam. Plantaginaceae Mucilage (30%,
arabinoxylan), pentosans, fixed oil, proteins Bulk laxative (absorbs water, increases stool
bulk), demulcent, used in constipation, diarrhoea, IBS, piles, ulcerative colitis
**Senna** Dried leaflets of *Cassia angustifolia* (Indian senna), Fam. Leguminosae
Sennoside A, B, C, D (anthraquinone glycosides), rhein, aloe-emodin, mucilage, flavonoids
Stimulant purgative (increases peristalsis), used in habitual constipation,
pre-operative bowel evacuation
*B. CARDIOTONIC*
Drug Biological Source Chemical Constituents Therapeutic Efficacy/Uses
**Digitalis** Dried leaves of *Digitalis purpurea*, Fam. Scrophulariaceae Cardiac
glycosides (Digitoxin, Digoxin, Gitoxin, gitalin), saponins, flavonoids Cardiotonic
(increases force of contraction), used in congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, atrial
flutter; narrow therapeutic index
**Arjuna** Dried bark of *Terminalia arjuna*, Fam. Combretaceae Tannins (15-20%),
arjunolic acid, arjungenin, flavonoids (arjunone), glycosides, minerals (Ca, Mg, Zn)
Cardiotonic, hypotensive, anti-ischemic, used in angina, coronary artery disease,
hyperlipidemia, heart failure
*C. CARMINATIVES & G.I. REGULATORS*
Drug Biological Source Chemical Constituents Therapeutic Efficacy/Uses
**Coriander** Dried fruit of *Coriandrum sativum*, Fam. Umbelliferae Volatile oil
(0.3-1%, linalool 60-70%, coriandrol, pinene), fixed oil, proteins Carminative, stimulant,
stomachic, spasmolytic, flavouring agent in pharmaceuticals
**Fennel** Dried fruit of *Foeniculum vulgare*, Fam. Umbelliferae Volatile oil (2-6%,
anethole 50-60%, fenchone 20%), fixed oil, proteinsCarminative, expectorant, galactagogue,
stomachic, used in infant colic, flatulence
**Cardamom**Dried fruit of *Elettaria cardamomum*, Fam. ZingiberaceaeVolatile oil (3-8%,
cineole, terpinyl acetate, terpineol), starch, fixed oil Carminative, stimulant, flavouring agent,
used in dyspepsia, flatulence, loss of appetite
**Ginger** Dried rhizome of *Zingiber officinale*, Fam. Zingiberaceae Volatile oil (1-3%,
zingiberene), gingerol, shogaol, zingerone, resins Carminative, stimulant, anti-emetic
(motion sickness, pregnancy), anti-inflammatory, used in dyspepsia, colic
, **Clove** Dried flower bud of *Syzygium aromaticum*, Fam. Myrtaceae Volatile oil
(15-20%, eugenol 80-90%, acetyl eugenol), tannins, gum Carminative, dental analgesic,
antiseptic, counter-irritant, used in toothache, flatulence
**Black Pepper** Dried fruit of *Piper nigrum*, Fam. Piperaceae Volatile oil (1-2%),
alkaloid (piperine 5-9%), piperidine, starch Carminative, stimulant, bioavailability enhancer,
used in dyspepsia, flatulence, fever
**Asafoetida**Oleo-gum-resin from root of *Ferula asafoetida*, Fam. Umbelliferae
Resin (40-65%), gum (25%), volatile oil (3-17%, sulphur compounds like disulphides)
Carminative, antispasmodic, expectorant, nervine stimulant, used in hysteria, flatulent colic,
whooping cough
**Nutmeg** Dried seed of *Myristica fragrans*, Fam. Myristicaceae Volatile oil (5-15%,
myristicin, elemicin, safrole), fixed oil (25-40%) Carminative, stimulant, flavouring,
narcotic in high dose, used in dyspepsia, diarrhoea
**Cinnamon** Dried bark of *Cinnamomum zeylanicum*, Fam. LauraceaeVolatile oil
(0.5-1%, cinnamaldehyde 60-75%, eugenol), tannins, mucilage Carminative, astringent,
stimulant, antiseptic, flavouring agent, used in diarrhoea, flatulence
*D. ASTRINGENTS*
Drug Biological Source Chemical Constituents Therapeutic Efficacy/Uses
**Myrobalan**Dried fruit of *Terminalia chebula*, Fam. Combretaceae Tannins (30-40%,
chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, gallic acid), chebulin Astringent, laxative (mild), used
in diarrhoea, dysentery, sore throat, as hair dye
**Black Catechu** Extract from heartwood of *Acacia catechu*, Fam. Leguminosae
Tannins (25-35%, catechin, catechutannic acid), catechin, quercetin Astringent, used in
diarrhoea, mouth wash, bleeding gums, leucorrhoea
**Pale Catechu**
[02/04, 2:06 am] Meta AI: Here is the *expanded FULL Chapter 5 table* with *more chemical
constituents and detailed uses* (exam-level depth):
---
*D.PHARM 1ST YEAR - PHARMACOGNOSY (CHAPTER 5)*
*STUDY OF CRUDE DRUGS (THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION) - EXPANDED*
*A. LAXATIVES*
Drug Biological Source Chemical Constituents Therapeutic Efficacy/Uses
**Aloe** Dried juice of leaves of *Aloe barbadensis*, Fam. LiliaceaeAnthraquinone
glycosides (Aloin A&B, Barbaloin, Aloe-emodin, aloesin); resins, aloesonePurgative
(stimulates colon), used in constipation, skin burns, wound healing, cosmetic preparations
**Castor oil** Fixed oil from seeds of *Ricinus communis*, Fam. Euphorbiaceae
Triglyceride of ricinoleic acid (90%), oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid Lubricant laxative
(irritates intestinal mucosa), used before X-ray, labor induction, as plasticizer in
pharmaceuticals
**Ispaghula** Dried seeds of *Plantago ovata*, Fam. Plantaginaceae Mucilage (30%,
arabinoxylan), pentosans, fixed oil, proteins Bulk laxative (absorbs water, increases stool
bulk), demulcent, used in constipation, diarrhoea, IBS, piles, ulcerative colitis
**Senna** Dried leaflets of *Cassia angustifolia* (Indian senna), Fam. Leguminosae
Sennoside A, B, C, D (anthraquinone glycosides), rhein, aloe-emodin, mucilage, flavonoids
