NURS 753 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE – IMMUNOLOGY, INFLAMMATION, CARDIOVASCULAR,
RESPIRATORY & ENDOCRINE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LECTURE SUMMARY AND EXAM REVIEW)
1. What is innate immunity?: provides immediate protection and is nonspecific, meaning it provides
protection against all invaders.
2. What is adaptative immunity?: Can take 7-10 days to provide protection, but it is specific to the
antigens.
3. What is antigen?: a foreign agent that triggers the production of antibodies by the immune system
4. What is antibody (immunoglobulin)?: a protein used by the immune system to identify and
neutralized foreign agents, such as viruses and bacteria
5. What is autoantibody?: an antibody made by the immune system that attacks an individual's own
proteins
6. What is lysozyme?: an enzyme that dissolves bacterial cell walls.
7. What is pyrogens?: Molecules that cause the systemic response of fever
8. What is Humoral immunity?: interaction to produce antibodies against the antigen (B-Cell function
or humoral immunity)
9. What is cell-mediated immunity?: is the main mechanism by which the body fights the tubercle
bacillus and starts a few weeks after infection.
10. What is Human Leukocyte antigen system?: known as major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) in humans, HLA system as the genes are expressed on the surface of the WBC.
11. What is alloimmunity?: Four types of tissue transplants are possible—allogeneic, syngeneic, autolo-
gous, and xenogenic.
§ Allogeneic transplants are those in which the tissue used is from the same species and is of similar tissue type, but
it is not identical.
12. What is autoimmunity?: Failure of central and peripheral tolerance, sequestration, and regulatory
mechanisms
§ Central tolerance occurs in primary lymphoid tissue (thymus for T cells and bone marrow for B cells) when
lymphocytes are maturing. With central tolerance, B or T cells that are autoreactive (bind to self) are destroyed or
suppressed.
§ In the secondary lymphoid tissue (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen) where B and T cells migrate, peripheral tolerance and
self-antigens are simply not recognized.
§ In normal immunity, self-antigens are often sequestered, and the immune system has regulatory mechanisms that
limit the degree of immune reactivity
§ Exogenous triggers or endogenous abnormalities
, NURS 753 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE – IMMUNOLOGY, INFLAMMATION, CARDIOVASCULAR,
RESPIRATORY & ENDOCRINE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LECTURE SUMMARY AND EXAM REVIEW)
13. What is allogenic?: Those in which tissue used is from the same species and is of similar tissue type but
it is not identical. Most transplants are allogenic.
14. What is autologous?: hosts and donor are the same person for transplants.
15. DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE: o The
same sequence of response occurs no matter the type of injury or prior exposure as there is no memory involved.
o Part of the body's innate immunity and is non-discriminatory.
o When cells and body tissues are injured, regardless of the cause, the inflammatory response is triggered.
16. Describe the Acute phase of inflammation: Starts immediately after the injury and continues
until the threat is eliminated (hours to days)
17. Describe the chronic phase of inflammation: o Takes over until healing and repair are
complete (weeks or months).
o Both acute and chronic inflammation lead to local and systemic ettects
18. ·WHICH CELL DRIVES THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE?: Driven by mast
cells.
19. HOW IS FEVER DIFFERENTIATED FROM HYPERTHERMIA?: Fever is distinguished
from other forms of hyperthermia (heat stroke, malignant hyperthermia) because the body temperature increase
is regulated, and thermoregulatory mechanisms of heating and cooling are functioning. Hyperthermia from heat
stroke involves a dysfunctional unregulated increase in temperature along with an inability of the body to cool itself.
Hypothalamus is not reset in hyperthermia, it's just a response from an external factor.
20. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF INTERFERONS IN INNATE IMMUNITY?: o Interferons
do not protect cells already infected by a virus but rather stop the spread of the virus to new cells.
o The binding of interferons to uninfected cells triggers the synthesis of enzymes that inhibit viral replication.
21. FUNCTION OF COMPLEMENT SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY: -
Process that involves approximately 20 blood plasma proteins and enhances the action of antibodies. Complement
proteins circulate in the blood in an inactive state.
22. FUNCTION OF CLOTTING SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY: is activated
during infection and injury. Ultimately participates in the inflammatory response by attracting (chemotaxis) neu-
trophils to the site of injury and causing increased vascular permeability.
23. FUNCTION OF KININ SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY: Activation primarily
leads to the development of bradykinin. Bradykinin causes pain, increased vascular permeability through vasodilation,
neutrophil recruitment, and smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction).
, NURS 753 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE – IMMUNOLOGY, INFLAMMATION, CARDIOVASCULAR,
RESPIRATORY & ENDOCRINE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LECTURE SUMMARY AND EXAM REVIEW)
24. WHY DO GRANULOMAS FORM IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION? HOW IS THIS
DIFFERENT FROM GRANULATION TISSUE?: o This phase usually occurs because the acute
response was not ettective in eliminating or repairing the injury or infection.
o Granuloma formation is not to be confused with granulation tissue development which is a step-in tissue repair.
Granulation tissue is a mixture of new vasculature and fibroblasts, which produces connective tissue fibers and
collagen.
25. DIFFERENTIATE THE FUNCTIONS OF T CELLS IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY: § T Cells
(cellular) destroy the antigen.
T cells are responsible for hypersensitivity reactions and transplant rejection. Helper cells can further be subdivided
into T-helper (Th) 1 and Th 2. The Th 2 cells activate, or call up, B cells to produce antibodies while the Th 1 cells are
involved in the inflammatory process and the activation of macrophages.
26. DIFFERENTIATE THE FUNCTIONS OF B CELLS IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY: B Cells
(humoral) produce antibodies against the antigen
· B cells mature in the bone marrow where they ditterentiate into either memory cells or plasma cells
· Subsequent exposures to the antigen triggers a quick response because memory cells recall the antigen as foreign
and antibody production occurs rapidly. This reaction is referred to as acquired immunity. · Subsequent exposures to
the antigen triggers a quick response because memory cells recall the antigen as foreign and antibody production
occurs rapidly. This reaction is referred to as acquired immunity.
27. NAME THE FOUR TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY?: Natural active, artificial active,
natural passive, and artificial passive.
28. What is natural active acquired immunity?: Pathogens enter the body and cause illness;
antibodies form. When we just get an infection--There is memory
Ex. Person has rubella once.
29. What is artificial active acquired immunity?: Vaccine (live or attenuated organisms) is
injected into the body. No illness results but antibodies form. There is memory.
Ex. Person receives measles vaccine.
30. What is natural passive acquired immunity?: Antibodies are passed directly from mother
to child to provide temporary protection: no memory.
Ex. Passage through placenta during pregnancy; consumption of breastmilk; lasts about 1 year.
31. What is natural artificial passive immunity?: Antibodies are injected into the body (anti-
serum) to provide temporary protection or to minimize the severity of an infection. There is no memory.
RESPIRATORY & ENDOCRINE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LECTURE SUMMARY AND EXAM REVIEW)
1. What is innate immunity?: provides immediate protection and is nonspecific, meaning it provides
protection against all invaders.
2. What is adaptative immunity?: Can take 7-10 days to provide protection, but it is specific to the
antigens.
3. What is antigen?: a foreign agent that triggers the production of antibodies by the immune system
4. What is antibody (immunoglobulin)?: a protein used by the immune system to identify and
neutralized foreign agents, such as viruses and bacteria
5. What is autoantibody?: an antibody made by the immune system that attacks an individual's own
proteins
6. What is lysozyme?: an enzyme that dissolves bacterial cell walls.
7. What is pyrogens?: Molecules that cause the systemic response of fever
8. What is Humoral immunity?: interaction to produce antibodies against the antigen (B-Cell function
or humoral immunity)
9. What is cell-mediated immunity?: is the main mechanism by which the body fights the tubercle
bacillus and starts a few weeks after infection.
10. What is Human Leukocyte antigen system?: known as major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) in humans, HLA system as the genes are expressed on the surface of the WBC.
11. What is alloimmunity?: Four types of tissue transplants are possible—allogeneic, syngeneic, autolo-
gous, and xenogenic.
§ Allogeneic transplants are those in which the tissue used is from the same species and is of similar tissue type, but
it is not identical.
12. What is autoimmunity?: Failure of central and peripheral tolerance, sequestration, and regulatory
mechanisms
§ Central tolerance occurs in primary lymphoid tissue (thymus for T cells and bone marrow for B cells) when
lymphocytes are maturing. With central tolerance, B or T cells that are autoreactive (bind to self) are destroyed or
suppressed.
§ In the secondary lymphoid tissue (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen) where B and T cells migrate, peripheral tolerance and
self-antigens are simply not recognized.
§ In normal immunity, self-antigens are often sequestered, and the immune system has regulatory mechanisms that
limit the degree of immune reactivity
§ Exogenous triggers or endogenous abnormalities
, NURS 753 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE – IMMUNOLOGY, INFLAMMATION, CARDIOVASCULAR,
RESPIRATORY & ENDOCRINE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LECTURE SUMMARY AND EXAM REVIEW)
13. What is allogenic?: Those in which tissue used is from the same species and is of similar tissue type but
it is not identical. Most transplants are allogenic.
14. What is autologous?: hosts and donor are the same person for transplants.
15. DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE: o The
same sequence of response occurs no matter the type of injury or prior exposure as there is no memory involved.
o Part of the body's innate immunity and is non-discriminatory.
o When cells and body tissues are injured, regardless of the cause, the inflammatory response is triggered.
16. Describe the Acute phase of inflammation: Starts immediately after the injury and continues
until the threat is eliminated (hours to days)
17. Describe the chronic phase of inflammation: o Takes over until healing and repair are
complete (weeks or months).
o Both acute and chronic inflammation lead to local and systemic ettects
18. ·WHICH CELL DRIVES THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE?: Driven by mast
cells.
19. HOW IS FEVER DIFFERENTIATED FROM HYPERTHERMIA?: Fever is distinguished
from other forms of hyperthermia (heat stroke, malignant hyperthermia) because the body temperature increase
is regulated, and thermoregulatory mechanisms of heating and cooling are functioning. Hyperthermia from heat
stroke involves a dysfunctional unregulated increase in temperature along with an inability of the body to cool itself.
Hypothalamus is not reset in hyperthermia, it's just a response from an external factor.
20. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF INTERFERONS IN INNATE IMMUNITY?: o Interferons
do not protect cells already infected by a virus but rather stop the spread of the virus to new cells.
o The binding of interferons to uninfected cells triggers the synthesis of enzymes that inhibit viral replication.
21. FUNCTION OF COMPLEMENT SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY: -
Process that involves approximately 20 blood plasma proteins and enhances the action of antibodies. Complement
proteins circulate in the blood in an inactive state.
22. FUNCTION OF CLOTTING SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY: is activated
during infection and injury. Ultimately participates in the inflammatory response by attracting (chemotaxis) neu-
trophils to the site of injury and causing increased vascular permeability.
23. FUNCTION OF KININ SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY: Activation primarily
leads to the development of bradykinin. Bradykinin causes pain, increased vascular permeability through vasodilation,
neutrophil recruitment, and smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction).
, NURS 753 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE – IMMUNOLOGY, INFLAMMATION, CARDIOVASCULAR,
RESPIRATORY & ENDOCRINE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LECTURE SUMMARY AND EXAM REVIEW)
24. WHY DO GRANULOMAS FORM IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION? HOW IS THIS
DIFFERENT FROM GRANULATION TISSUE?: o This phase usually occurs because the acute
response was not ettective in eliminating or repairing the injury or infection.
o Granuloma formation is not to be confused with granulation tissue development which is a step-in tissue repair.
Granulation tissue is a mixture of new vasculature and fibroblasts, which produces connective tissue fibers and
collagen.
25. DIFFERENTIATE THE FUNCTIONS OF T CELLS IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY: § T Cells
(cellular) destroy the antigen.
T cells are responsible for hypersensitivity reactions and transplant rejection. Helper cells can further be subdivided
into T-helper (Th) 1 and Th 2. The Th 2 cells activate, or call up, B cells to produce antibodies while the Th 1 cells are
involved in the inflammatory process and the activation of macrophages.
26. DIFFERENTIATE THE FUNCTIONS OF B CELLS IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY: B Cells
(humoral) produce antibodies against the antigen
· B cells mature in the bone marrow where they ditterentiate into either memory cells or plasma cells
· Subsequent exposures to the antigen triggers a quick response because memory cells recall the antigen as foreign
and antibody production occurs rapidly. This reaction is referred to as acquired immunity. · Subsequent exposures to
the antigen triggers a quick response because memory cells recall the antigen as foreign and antibody production
occurs rapidly. This reaction is referred to as acquired immunity.
27. NAME THE FOUR TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY?: Natural active, artificial active,
natural passive, and artificial passive.
28. What is natural active acquired immunity?: Pathogens enter the body and cause illness;
antibodies form. When we just get an infection--There is memory
Ex. Person has rubella once.
29. What is artificial active acquired immunity?: Vaccine (live or attenuated organisms) is
injected into the body. No illness results but antibodies form. There is memory.
Ex. Person receives measles vaccine.
30. What is natural passive acquired immunity?: Antibodies are passed directly from mother
to child to provide temporary protection: no memory.
Ex. Passage through placenta during pregnancy; consumption of breastmilk; lasts about 1 year.
31. What is natural artificial passive immunity?: Antibodies are injected into the body (anti-
serum) to provide temporary protection or to minimize the severity of an infection. There is no memory.
