HCR 240 Final Actual Exam Questions
And Answers Practice Questions with
Solutions Newest | Already Graded A+
SECTION 1: CELLULAR ADAPTATION, INJURY & NEOPLASIA
(Q1-Q30)
Q1: A patient is found to have an abnormal increase in the
number of cells in response to hormonal stimulation. What is the
correct term for this process?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Metaplasia
C) Hyperplasia
D) Dysplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells due
to an increased rate of cell division. This can be a normal
physiologic process (e.g., breast tissue during pregnancy) or a
response to pathological stimuli (e.g., hormonal imbalances).
Q2: If a muscle is repeatedly overloaded, like in bodybuilding, it
gets bigger. What cellular adaptation is primarily responsible for
this?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Dysplasia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of individual
,cells, not the number, leading to an enlargement of the organ or
tissue. This is a common adaptation in muscle cells in response to
increased workload.
Q3: A pathologist notes that a patient's lung tissue has changed
from a normal columnar type to a different, more resilient type in
response to chronic irritation from cigarette smoke. What is this
change called?
A) Anaplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Neoplasia
D) Dystrophy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one
differentiated cell type is replaced by another, often as an
adaptive response to chronic irritation or inflammation, such as in
smokers' lungs.
Q4: When a cell is under severe stress that it cannot adapt to, it
may undergo an irreversible process of cell death called necrosis.
What is a defining characteristic of necrosis?
A) Programmed cell death
B) Cell shrinkage without inflammation
C) Cell swelling and inflammation in surrounding tissue
D) The orderly dismantling of the cell’s internal components
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Necrosis is "premature cell death that causes
inflammation" in the surrounding tissue. It is a pathological
process resulting from acute cell injury.
,Q5: A baby is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21, leading
to a specific set of physical and intellectual characteristics. Which
syndrome is this?
A) Turner syndrome
B) Klinefelter syndrome
C) Down syndrome
D) Fragile X syndrome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21, an extra
chromosome 21.
Q6: A young female is diagnosed with a syndrome caused by a
missing or partially missing X chromosome. What is the medical
diagnosis most likely on the patient's chart?
A) Down syndrome
B) Cri du chat syndrome
C) Turner syndrome
D) Fragile X syndrome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Turner syndrome occurs when a female has a
karyotype revealing an absent homologous X chromosome with
only a single X chromosome present.
Q7: A healthcare professional is explaining how many genetic
diseases are passed down. If a child inherits an autosomal
recessive disorder, who did they inherit it from?
A) The father only
B) The mother only
C) Both parents
D) A grandparent
Correct Answer: C
, Rationale: For an autosomal recessive disease to manifest, the
child must inherit two copies of the mutated gene, one from each
parent, even if the parents are asymptomatic carriers.
Q8: A healthy young adult is concerned about a mole that has
been changing. Which of the following is the most significant
warning sign of potential malignancy?
A) A perfectly round, symmetrical shape
B) A uniform brown color
C) A diameter smaller than a pencil eraser (6mm)
D) A border that is irregular, scalloped, or poorly defined
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The ABCDEs of melanoma include Asymmetry, Border
irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, and Evolving. An
irregular border is a key warning sign.
Q9: A patient with terminal breast cancer is receiving palliative
care. Which type of cell death is most likely occurring in cells that
are no longer needed due to the tumor's rapid growth, and does
not trigger an inflammatory response?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Caseous necrosis
C) Apoptosis
D) Fat necrosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a normal
physiological process that is highly regulated and anti-
inflammatory because the cell's contents are neatly packaged and
removed by phagocytes.
And Answers Practice Questions with
Solutions Newest | Already Graded A+
SECTION 1: CELLULAR ADAPTATION, INJURY & NEOPLASIA
(Q1-Q30)
Q1: A patient is found to have an abnormal increase in the
number of cells in response to hormonal stimulation. What is the
correct term for this process?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Metaplasia
C) Hyperplasia
D) Dysplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells due
to an increased rate of cell division. This can be a normal
physiologic process (e.g., breast tissue during pregnancy) or a
response to pathological stimuli (e.g., hormonal imbalances).
Q2: If a muscle is repeatedly overloaded, like in bodybuilding, it
gets bigger. What cellular adaptation is primarily responsible for
this?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Dysplasia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of individual
,cells, not the number, leading to an enlargement of the organ or
tissue. This is a common adaptation in muscle cells in response to
increased workload.
Q3: A pathologist notes that a patient's lung tissue has changed
from a normal columnar type to a different, more resilient type in
response to chronic irritation from cigarette smoke. What is this
change called?
A) Anaplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Neoplasia
D) Dystrophy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one
differentiated cell type is replaced by another, often as an
adaptive response to chronic irritation or inflammation, such as in
smokers' lungs.
Q4: When a cell is under severe stress that it cannot adapt to, it
may undergo an irreversible process of cell death called necrosis.
What is a defining characteristic of necrosis?
A) Programmed cell death
B) Cell shrinkage without inflammation
C) Cell swelling and inflammation in surrounding tissue
D) The orderly dismantling of the cell’s internal components
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Necrosis is "premature cell death that causes
inflammation" in the surrounding tissue. It is a pathological
process resulting from acute cell injury.
,Q5: A baby is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21, leading
to a specific set of physical and intellectual characteristics. Which
syndrome is this?
A) Turner syndrome
B) Klinefelter syndrome
C) Down syndrome
D) Fragile X syndrome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21, an extra
chromosome 21.
Q6: A young female is diagnosed with a syndrome caused by a
missing or partially missing X chromosome. What is the medical
diagnosis most likely on the patient's chart?
A) Down syndrome
B) Cri du chat syndrome
C) Turner syndrome
D) Fragile X syndrome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Turner syndrome occurs when a female has a
karyotype revealing an absent homologous X chromosome with
only a single X chromosome present.
Q7: A healthcare professional is explaining how many genetic
diseases are passed down. If a child inherits an autosomal
recessive disorder, who did they inherit it from?
A) The father only
B) The mother only
C) Both parents
D) A grandparent
Correct Answer: C
, Rationale: For an autosomal recessive disease to manifest, the
child must inherit two copies of the mutated gene, one from each
parent, even if the parents are asymptomatic carriers.
Q8: A healthy young adult is concerned about a mole that has
been changing. Which of the following is the most significant
warning sign of potential malignancy?
A) A perfectly round, symmetrical shape
B) A uniform brown color
C) A diameter smaller than a pencil eraser (6mm)
D) A border that is irregular, scalloped, or poorly defined
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The ABCDEs of melanoma include Asymmetry, Border
irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, and Evolving. An
irregular border is a key warning sign.
Q9: A patient with terminal breast cancer is receiving palliative
care. Which type of cell death is most likely occurring in cells that
are no longer needed due to the tumor's rapid growth, and does
not trigger an inflammatory response?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Caseous necrosis
C) Apoptosis
D) Fat necrosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a normal
physiological process that is highly regulated and anti-
inflammatory because the cell's contents are neatly packaged and
removed by phagocytes.
