2026 VERIFIED ANSWERS COMPREHENSIVE
REVIEW
◉ Estrogen pharmacokinetics.
Answer: absorbed through GI tract, skin, mucous membranes, fat
soluble, stored in adipose tissue, metabolized in liver, excreted in
urine and bile
◉ Estrogen adverse effects.
Answer: nausea, breast tenderness, elevated BP, triglycerides,
peripheral edema, increased risk of VTE, MI, cancer
◉ Tamoxifen, Toremifene.
Answer: breast cancer treatment, selective estrogen receptor
modulators SERM, can cause endometrial hyperplasia, cancer
◉ Raloxifen.
Answer: osteoporosis prevention, breast cancer prevention, SERM,
can cause leg cramps, increased DVT risk
◉ Clomiphene.
, Answer: Clomid, infertility treatment, SERM, can cause headache,
visual disturbances, risk for multiple births
◉ Ospemifene.
Answer: Osphena, treatment for dyspareunia, SERM
◉ SERM MOA.
Answer: competes with estrogen for binding to receptors, with
tissue selective effects
◉ SERM adverse effects.
Answer: hot flashes, nausea
◉ Type of Progestogens.
Answer: natural, synthetic (desogestrel, dienogest, drospirenone,
levonorgestrel, norethidrone)
◉ Uses of Progestogens.
Answer: contraception, treatment of hormone deficiency, control of
dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB), management of
endometriosis and infertility
◉ Progestogens Adverse Effects.