NREMT 2022 2023 PART ONE
CERTIFICATION REVIEW SET 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
⫸ Obstructive shock Answer: The type of shock that results when
conditions that cause mechanical obstruction of the cardiac muscle also
impact pump function
ex. cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax
⫸ Beck's triad Answer: Signs of a cardiac tamponade. JVD, narrowing
BP pressures, muffled heart sounds
⫸ Distributive shock Answer: The type of shock when there is
widespread dilation of the small arterioles, venules, or both. Blood pools
in the expanded vascular beds and tissue perfusion decreases
⫸ Types of distributive shock Answer: Septic shock caused by severe
infections; neurogenic shock caused by damage to the spinal cord
(bradycardia, low BP, warm skin); anaphylactic shock caused by allergic
reaction; psychogenic shock
⫸ Hypovolemic shock Answer: The type of shock that results from an
inadequate amount of fluid or volume in the system
-15% of blood volume
,⫸ How do you treat for shock? Answer: Keep the patient warm, control
bleeding, put the patient in a position of comfort, and administer high-
flow oxygen
⫸ brain damage without oxygen Answer: -without enough oxygen,
cardiac arrest or brain damage occurs within about 4 minutes
-permanent brain damage within 6 minutes
-death likely within 10 minutes
⫸ FBAO Answer: -signs of blockage include inability to cough or speak
or inability to ventilate patient
-bending patient forward at the waist, support chest with one hand, use
heel of hand to give 5 back blows between shoulder blades
-then 5 abdominal thrusts
-alternate between the two until object is dislodged
-if patient loses consciousness, give CPR starting with chest
compressions
-given even if patient has a pulse, so don't check
-before giving breaths, look inside mouth for any visible objects
⫸ FBAO in children Answer: -using thigh for support, lay facing down
along forearm; ensure head is lower than the body
-give 5 firm back blows between blades
-5 chest thrusts; place 2 to 3 fingers in the middle of the chest just below
the nipples. push down 1.5 inches.
,-alternate, unless lose consciousness, then CPR
⫸ mouse to mouth/mouth to nose Answer: -mouth to mouth performed
when patient does not have adequate breathing and artificial ventilation
not available
-open airway
-place barrier device
-pinch nose and form seal around patient's mouth
-check for FBAO if you do not see chest rise and fall
-give 1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds for adults and 1 every 3 for peds
⫸ Steps of CPR Answer: Determine unresponsiveness. Check for
breathing for up to 10 seconds. Check carotid pulse for up to 10 seconds.
Begin CPR until AED is available. Give 30 compressions at 100
beats/min and then 2 breaths over the course of 1 second. Once an
advanced airway is inserted, ventilate at a rate of 8-10 breaths/min and
do not stop compressions.
This is exactly the same for children, except two-rescuer CPR is 15:2. If
patient experiences a return of spontaneous circulation, ventilate at a rate
of 10-12 breaths/min.
⫸ compression to breath ratios Answer: under 8 years old:
-2 provider: 15:2
-1 provider: 30:2
-one third of chest diameter
, older:
-30:2 always
-2 inches
⫸ AED procedure Answer: -if cardiac arrest was not seen by EMS, give
5 cycles of 30:2 before defibrillating
-if cardiac arrest was seen, one EMT begins compressions and the other
applies AED
-if only one EMT available, apply AED immediately
-check for pulse 2 minutes after defib
-if no shockable rhythm, wait 2 minutes and re-analyze
⫸ When to place left lateral Answer: If patient has adequate breathing
and is uninjured. To maintain a patent airway in an unresponsive patient.
⫸ What to do if you fail to ventilate Answer: If the breath doesn't go in
successfully, reposition the patient and try again. If there is still nothing,
assume there is a foreign body obstruction and begin CPR on an
unresponsive apneic patient. Continue to attempt ventilations and open
the mouth and look in every time.
⫸ Pneumothorax signs Answer: -dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain that
worsens during inspiration and expiration, absent or decreased breath
sounds
-rupture of visceral lining
CERTIFICATION REVIEW SET 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
⫸ Obstructive shock Answer: The type of shock that results when
conditions that cause mechanical obstruction of the cardiac muscle also
impact pump function
ex. cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax
⫸ Beck's triad Answer: Signs of a cardiac tamponade. JVD, narrowing
BP pressures, muffled heart sounds
⫸ Distributive shock Answer: The type of shock when there is
widespread dilation of the small arterioles, venules, or both. Blood pools
in the expanded vascular beds and tissue perfusion decreases
⫸ Types of distributive shock Answer: Septic shock caused by severe
infections; neurogenic shock caused by damage to the spinal cord
(bradycardia, low BP, warm skin); anaphylactic shock caused by allergic
reaction; psychogenic shock
⫸ Hypovolemic shock Answer: The type of shock that results from an
inadequate amount of fluid or volume in the system
-15% of blood volume
,⫸ How do you treat for shock? Answer: Keep the patient warm, control
bleeding, put the patient in a position of comfort, and administer high-
flow oxygen
⫸ brain damage without oxygen Answer: -without enough oxygen,
cardiac arrest or brain damage occurs within about 4 minutes
-permanent brain damage within 6 minutes
-death likely within 10 minutes
⫸ FBAO Answer: -signs of blockage include inability to cough or speak
or inability to ventilate patient
-bending patient forward at the waist, support chest with one hand, use
heel of hand to give 5 back blows between shoulder blades
-then 5 abdominal thrusts
-alternate between the two until object is dislodged
-if patient loses consciousness, give CPR starting with chest
compressions
-given even if patient has a pulse, so don't check
-before giving breaths, look inside mouth for any visible objects
⫸ FBAO in children Answer: -using thigh for support, lay facing down
along forearm; ensure head is lower than the body
-give 5 firm back blows between blades
-5 chest thrusts; place 2 to 3 fingers in the middle of the chest just below
the nipples. push down 1.5 inches.
,-alternate, unless lose consciousness, then CPR
⫸ mouse to mouth/mouth to nose Answer: -mouth to mouth performed
when patient does not have adequate breathing and artificial ventilation
not available
-open airway
-place barrier device
-pinch nose and form seal around patient's mouth
-check for FBAO if you do not see chest rise and fall
-give 1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds for adults and 1 every 3 for peds
⫸ Steps of CPR Answer: Determine unresponsiveness. Check for
breathing for up to 10 seconds. Check carotid pulse for up to 10 seconds.
Begin CPR until AED is available. Give 30 compressions at 100
beats/min and then 2 breaths over the course of 1 second. Once an
advanced airway is inserted, ventilate at a rate of 8-10 breaths/min and
do not stop compressions.
This is exactly the same for children, except two-rescuer CPR is 15:2. If
patient experiences a return of spontaneous circulation, ventilate at a rate
of 10-12 breaths/min.
⫸ compression to breath ratios Answer: under 8 years old:
-2 provider: 15:2
-1 provider: 30:2
-one third of chest diameter
, older:
-30:2 always
-2 inches
⫸ AED procedure Answer: -if cardiac arrest was not seen by EMS, give
5 cycles of 30:2 before defibrillating
-if cardiac arrest was seen, one EMT begins compressions and the other
applies AED
-if only one EMT available, apply AED immediately
-check for pulse 2 minutes after defib
-if no shockable rhythm, wait 2 minutes and re-analyze
⫸ When to place left lateral Answer: If patient has adequate breathing
and is uninjured. To maintain a patent airway in an unresponsive patient.
⫸ What to do if you fail to ventilate Answer: If the breath doesn't go in
successfully, reposition the patient and try again. If there is still nothing,
assume there is a foreign body obstruction and begin CPR on an
unresponsive apneic patient. Continue to attempt ventilations and open
the mouth and look in every time.
⫸ Pneumothorax signs Answer: -dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain that
worsens during inspiration and expiration, absent or decreased breath
sounds
-rupture of visceral lining
