PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 FOCUS
POINTS, A COMPREHENSIVE AND
DETAILED STUDY GUIDE
, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 FOCUS POINTS, A COMPREHENSIVE AND
DETAILED STUDY GUIDE
Chronicity: Impact of Acute Patho as Compared to Chronic Patho (I.E., New Issues Vs.
On-Going Issues)
Blood cells & the hematopoietic system: Blood n’ Stuff
Plasma – liquid portion: water, proteins, electrolytes
Proteins: albumin (54%), globulins (38%), fibrinogen (7%)
Albumin important for: blood buffer, carries
substances, & creating fluid osmotic pressure
(draw water into vessels) Globulins proteins in
the plasma
Alpha globulin: bilirubin and steroid
transport Beta globulin: Fe and Cu
transport
Gamma: Immunoglobulins – IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE,
IgD Fibrinogen soluble protein; polymerizes to
form insoluble fibrin during blood clotting
Blood Cells – 3 types all made in bone marrow
1. Erythrocytes – RBCS – no nuclei, lots of
hemoglobin (Hb) biconcave disks more
surface area
• Carry O2 & CO2 transport & regulate acid-base balance
• Life span 120 days; destroyed in spleen, bone
marrow, and liver via phagocytosis
2. Leukocytes - WBCs – true cells, immune response,
ID and kill cancer cells, inflammatory response, wound
healing
2 types: granulocytes and agranulocytes
A) Granulocytes – nuclei have grainy look: 3 kinds
Neutrophils: 55-65% WBC, originate in myeloblasts;
survive in tissues 4- 5 days involved in tissue injury &
acute infection
Baby “band” cells – horseshoe nuc. mature into
neutrophils Eosinophils: 1-3% Increase when allergic
reaction & parasites Basophils: 0.3-0.5% - Contain
heparin & histamine, important for inflammation
mediation
B) Agranulocytes – nuclei are not grainy: 2 kinds
Lymphocytes: 20-30% WBCs; immune cells; move
btwn blood & lymph B cells humoral immunity –
develop in bone marrow
Make plasma (for antibody production) and
memory cells T cells cell-mediated –
develop in thymus
Cytotoxic to kill infected cells, Helper T cells, Natural killer
cells kill foreign cells
Monocyte/Macrophage: 3-8% WBCs
– in blood called monocyte move to
tissues =
Macrophage
(Histocytes – loose connective tissue,
Microglial – brain, Kupffer – liver)
, Phagocytosis become antigen-presenting cell
Can form granulomatous inflammation
(eg. tuberculosis)
3. Thrombocytes – platelets live
7-10 days; Fragments of
megakaryocytes Thrombopoietin
activates megakaryocytes Stored
in spleen
Form platelet plug to promote blood clot
Bone marrow has pluripotent stem cells
– renewable and able to differentiate into
lymphoid or myeloid stem cells
Hematopoiesis: blood cell development
POINTS, A COMPREHENSIVE AND
DETAILED STUDY GUIDE
, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 FOCUS POINTS, A COMPREHENSIVE AND
DETAILED STUDY GUIDE
Chronicity: Impact of Acute Patho as Compared to Chronic Patho (I.E., New Issues Vs.
On-Going Issues)
Blood cells & the hematopoietic system: Blood n’ Stuff
Plasma – liquid portion: water, proteins, electrolytes
Proteins: albumin (54%), globulins (38%), fibrinogen (7%)
Albumin important for: blood buffer, carries
substances, & creating fluid osmotic pressure
(draw water into vessels) Globulins proteins in
the plasma
Alpha globulin: bilirubin and steroid
transport Beta globulin: Fe and Cu
transport
Gamma: Immunoglobulins – IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE,
IgD Fibrinogen soluble protein; polymerizes to
form insoluble fibrin during blood clotting
Blood Cells – 3 types all made in bone marrow
1. Erythrocytes – RBCS – no nuclei, lots of
hemoglobin (Hb) biconcave disks more
surface area
• Carry O2 & CO2 transport & regulate acid-base balance
• Life span 120 days; destroyed in spleen, bone
marrow, and liver via phagocytosis
2. Leukocytes - WBCs – true cells, immune response,
ID and kill cancer cells, inflammatory response, wound
healing
2 types: granulocytes and agranulocytes
A) Granulocytes – nuclei have grainy look: 3 kinds
Neutrophils: 55-65% WBC, originate in myeloblasts;
survive in tissues 4- 5 days involved in tissue injury &
acute infection
Baby “band” cells – horseshoe nuc. mature into
neutrophils Eosinophils: 1-3% Increase when allergic
reaction & parasites Basophils: 0.3-0.5% - Contain
heparin & histamine, important for inflammation
mediation
B) Agranulocytes – nuclei are not grainy: 2 kinds
Lymphocytes: 20-30% WBCs; immune cells; move
btwn blood & lymph B cells humoral immunity –
develop in bone marrow
Make plasma (for antibody production) and
memory cells T cells cell-mediated –
develop in thymus
Cytotoxic to kill infected cells, Helper T cells, Natural killer
cells kill foreign cells
Monocyte/Macrophage: 3-8% WBCs
– in blood called monocyte move to
tissues =
Macrophage
(Histocytes – loose connective tissue,
Microglial – brain, Kupffer – liver)
, Phagocytosis become antigen-presenting cell
Can form granulomatous inflammation
(eg. tuberculosis)
3. Thrombocytes – platelets live
7-10 days; Fragments of
megakaryocytes Thrombopoietin
activates megakaryocytes Stored
in spleen
Form platelet plug to promote blood clot
Bone marrow has pluripotent stem cells
– renewable and able to differentiate into
lymphoid or myeloid stem cells
Hematopoiesis: blood cell development
