NBME CBSE LATEST 2026 CORE EXAM MANUAL
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Fanconi anemia - ✔✔PCT
*Metabolic acidosis *(aa in urine)
decreased PO4 --> *osteopenia*
✔✔SIADH - ✔✔euvolemic *hypoNa*
increased *ADH*
altered mental, weak
commonly due to SCLC
✔✔what is a common cause for SIADH - ✔✔SCLC
✔✔What senses hypoxia from OSA - ✔✔Peritubular *renal* cortex
(it then releases EPO)
✔✔*EPO released in kidney*
Caused by:
Causes: - ✔✔Caused by: *hypoxia* sensed by
peritubular renal cortex
Causes: *pulmonary HTN*
✔✔EPO stimulator used to treat - ✔✔Anemia of Chronic Disease
cause worsen HTN
✔✔Homocystinuria - ✔✔Marfan + Ectopic lens (down/in)
+ thromboembolic occlusion
increased *Methionine*
✔✔Prevent homocystinuria with - ✔✔B6 (pyridoxine)
Methionine restriction
Cysteine is essential
✔✔What causes cysteine to be essential - ✔✔Homocystinuria
due to increased *Methionine*
✔✔Alkaptonuria - ✔✔Deficient homogentistic acid dioxygenase
(*tyrosine --> fumarate*)
Black Urine, blue-black sclera + ear cartilage
,spine ankylosis
✔✔Acute Tubular Necrosis - ✔✔*PCT*
CRUSH INJURY
*muddy brown* casts
hyperK, hyperPO4, hyperurea
*Rhabdomyolysis*
✔✔Recovery phase of ATN - ✔✔decreased ALL elecrolytes
(**K, PO4, Ca, Mg) and water
✔✔Renal Papillary necrosis - ✔✔Coagulative
abrupt onset gross hematuria
✔✔Renal papillary necrosis etiology - ✔✔NSAID
sickle cell TRAIT
DM
Urinary obstruciton
✔✔Acute Interstitial Nephritis
histology - ✔✔WBC casts without cystitis
Eosinophilia
Bilateral fibrosis /shrink
✔✔Acute interstitial nephritis etiology - ✔✔Drugs
- Diuretics, NSAID, PPI, Penicillin
✔✔Ethylene glycol can cause what in the kideny - ✔✔ATN
(glycolic acid + oxalic acid)
✔✔RBF = - ✔✔PAH clearance
---------------
1-Hct
✔✔PAH clearance = - ✔✔PAH urine * Flow urine
----------------------
PAH plasma
✔✔FF = - ✔✔GFR/RPF
✔✔Constricting efferent arteriole will cause - ✔✔increase GFR, increase FF,
decrease RPF
,✔✔Autoregulation compensation in kidneys - ✔✔*increase FF* with
decrease GFR or RPF
✔✔flow (kidney) = - ✔✔r^4
✔✔Excretion rate of A = - ✔✔inulin clearance * [plasma(A)]
-
Reabsorption(A)
✔✔Prostaglandin does what in kidney - ✔✔*dilates afferent* arteriole
✔✔What inhibits dilation of afferent arteriole - ✔✔NSAID (inhibits prostaglandin)
✔✔AT II causes what in the kidney - ✔✔constrict efferent arteriole
✔✔What inhibits constriction of
efferent arteriole - ✔✔ACEi
(inhibits AT II)
✔✔B-Blockers do what in the kidney - ✔✔inhibit RENIN
(B1-R on JC)
✔✔What functions in the PCT - ✔✔3Na/2K ATP pump
*PTH*: PO4 excretion
*ATII*: HCO3 reabs
✔✔What happens to the solution in the thin loop - ✔✔HYPERtonic medulla
= H2O reabs --> CONCENTRATES
✔✔Thick loop does what to plasma - ✔✔DILUTES
✔✔DCT osmolarity - ✔✔Hypotonic
✔✔DCT has what acting on it - ✔✔*PTH* = Ca reabsorption
✔✔CD has what acting on it - ✔✔*Aldosterone*: K/H sec, HCO3/Cl exchange
*ADH*: H2O reabs (*urea reabs)
HCO3 SYNTHESIZED during *met-Acid*
✔✔Metabolic Acidosis uses HCO3 to do what - ✔✔**collecting duct**
excrete H via TA or NH4 synthesis
, ✔✔Nephrotic syndrome highlights - ✔✔proteinuria
*fatty casts*
low Ig
podocytes
✔✔Renal vein thrombosis causes - ✔✔flank pain, left varicoceles,
hematuria, NEPHROTIC
high *LDH*, high lipoprotein
(DUE TO *low antithrombin III*)
✔✔Minimal change disease - ✔✔high protein filtration, low oncotic P
*Albuminuria*, Lipoprotein
Loss of GBM anions *SEEN ON EM*
following *URI*, vaccine, bug
Pitting edema
✔✔Membranous nephropathy - ✔✔IgG4
Anti-*PLA2-R*
thick BM + *Spike/Dome*
✔✔Amyloidosis - ✔✔apple green birefringe
Multiple myeloma
✔✔DM-GN - ✔✔hyaline arteriosclerosis
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (eosinophilic)
✔✔Nephrotic Syndrome ex - ✔✔MCD
Membranous
Amyloidosis
DM-GN
✔✔Nephritic characteristics - ✔✔Inflammatory
*RBC cast* (coca cola urine)
low GFR, high BUN/Cr
HTN
Edema
✔✔Nephritic syndrome ex - ✔✔RPGN
Wegener, Polyangiitis
Goodpasture
PSGN
DPGM
Berger/IgA
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Fanconi anemia - ✔✔PCT
*Metabolic acidosis *(aa in urine)
decreased PO4 --> *osteopenia*
✔✔SIADH - ✔✔euvolemic *hypoNa*
increased *ADH*
altered mental, weak
commonly due to SCLC
✔✔what is a common cause for SIADH - ✔✔SCLC
✔✔What senses hypoxia from OSA - ✔✔Peritubular *renal* cortex
(it then releases EPO)
✔✔*EPO released in kidney*
Caused by:
Causes: - ✔✔Caused by: *hypoxia* sensed by
peritubular renal cortex
Causes: *pulmonary HTN*
✔✔EPO stimulator used to treat - ✔✔Anemia of Chronic Disease
cause worsen HTN
✔✔Homocystinuria - ✔✔Marfan + Ectopic lens (down/in)
+ thromboembolic occlusion
increased *Methionine*
✔✔Prevent homocystinuria with - ✔✔B6 (pyridoxine)
Methionine restriction
Cysteine is essential
✔✔What causes cysteine to be essential - ✔✔Homocystinuria
due to increased *Methionine*
✔✔Alkaptonuria - ✔✔Deficient homogentistic acid dioxygenase
(*tyrosine --> fumarate*)
Black Urine, blue-black sclera + ear cartilage
,spine ankylosis
✔✔Acute Tubular Necrosis - ✔✔*PCT*
CRUSH INJURY
*muddy brown* casts
hyperK, hyperPO4, hyperurea
*Rhabdomyolysis*
✔✔Recovery phase of ATN - ✔✔decreased ALL elecrolytes
(**K, PO4, Ca, Mg) and water
✔✔Renal Papillary necrosis - ✔✔Coagulative
abrupt onset gross hematuria
✔✔Renal papillary necrosis etiology - ✔✔NSAID
sickle cell TRAIT
DM
Urinary obstruciton
✔✔Acute Interstitial Nephritis
histology - ✔✔WBC casts without cystitis
Eosinophilia
Bilateral fibrosis /shrink
✔✔Acute interstitial nephritis etiology - ✔✔Drugs
- Diuretics, NSAID, PPI, Penicillin
✔✔Ethylene glycol can cause what in the kideny - ✔✔ATN
(glycolic acid + oxalic acid)
✔✔RBF = - ✔✔PAH clearance
---------------
1-Hct
✔✔PAH clearance = - ✔✔PAH urine * Flow urine
----------------------
PAH plasma
✔✔FF = - ✔✔GFR/RPF
✔✔Constricting efferent arteriole will cause - ✔✔increase GFR, increase FF,
decrease RPF
,✔✔Autoregulation compensation in kidneys - ✔✔*increase FF* with
decrease GFR or RPF
✔✔flow (kidney) = - ✔✔r^4
✔✔Excretion rate of A = - ✔✔inulin clearance * [plasma(A)]
-
Reabsorption(A)
✔✔Prostaglandin does what in kidney - ✔✔*dilates afferent* arteriole
✔✔What inhibits dilation of afferent arteriole - ✔✔NSAID (inhibits prostaglandin)
✔✔AT II causes what in the kidney - ✔✔constrict efferent arteriole
✔✔What inhibits constriction of
efferent arteriole - ✔✔ACEi
(inhibits AT II)
✔✔B-Blockers do what in the kidney - ✔✔inhibit RENIN
(B1-R on JC)
✔✔What functions in the PCT - ✔✔3Na/2K ATP pump
*PTH*: PO4 excretion
*ATII*: HCO3 reabs
✔✔What happens to the solution in the thin loop - ✔✔HYPERtonic medulla
= H2O reabs --> CONCENTRATES
✔✔Thick loop does what to plasma - ✔✔DILUTES
✔✔DCT osmolarity - ✔✔Hypotonic
✔✔DCT has what acting on it - ✔✔*PTH* = Ca reabsorption
✔✔CD has what acting on it - ✔✔*Aldosterone*: K/H sec, HCO3/Cl exchange
*ADH*: H2O reabs (*urea reabs)
HCO3 SYNTHESIZED during *met-Acid*
✔✔Metabolic Acidosis uses HCO3 to do what - ✔✔**collecting duct**
excrete H via TA or NH4 synthesis
, ✔✔Nephrotic syndrome highlights - ✔✔proteinuria
*fatty casts*
low Ig
podocytes
✔✔Renal vein thrombosis causes - ✔✔flank pain, left varicoceles,
hematuria, NEPHROTIC
high *LDH*, high lipoprotein
(DUE TO *low antithrombin III*)
✔✔Minimal change disease - ✔✔high protein filtration, low oncotic P
*Albuminuria*, Lipoprotein
Loss of GBM anions *SEEN ON EM*
following *URI*, vaccine, bug
Pitting edema
✔✔Membranous nephropathy - ✔✔IgG4
Anti-*PLA2-R*
thick BM + *Spike/Dome*
✔✔Amyloidosis - ✔✔apple green birefringe
Multiple myeloma
✔✔DM-GN - ✔✔hyaline arteriosclerosis
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (eosinophilic)
✔✔Nephrotic Syndrome ex - ✔✔MCD
Membranous
Amyloidosis
DM-GN
✔✔Nephritic characteristics - ✔✔Inflammatory
*RBC cast* (coca cola urine)
low GFR, high BUN/Cr
HTN
Edema
✔✔Nephritic syndrome ex - ✔✔RPGN
Wegener, Polyangiitis
Goodpasture
PSGN
DPGM
Berger/IgA
