NBME CBSE LATEST 2026 FINALS EXAMS QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Spontaenous pneumothorax - ✔✔nontraumatic* rupture of subpleural blebs*
**20 yo thin TALL man who smokes
*DECREASED PRELOAD*
✔✔Tension pneumothorax - ✔✔Treachea deviates
REQUIRES INTUBATION
✔✔ARDS - ✔✔bilateral infiltrate
**PANCREATITIS RISK
1. *EXUDATIVE* (capillary permeability)
2. *Proliferative* (collagen)
3. *Fibrotic* (pulmonary fiborsis + HTN)
✔✔What are the risks from ARDS - ✔✔Sepsis
Pancreatitis
Pneumo
✔✔cystic fibrosis genetics - ✔✔*dF508 frameshift*
CFT protein - post-tln
HypoNa
✔✔Cystic Fibrosis complications - ✔✔Dec *Vit A* --> Pancreatic (squamous
metaplasia)
Def *Vit E* --> Neuromuscular, hemolytic anemia
Def *Vit K *--> Intracranial hemorrhage
Meconium Ileus; No Vas deferns; Digital clubbing
DEATH FROM PNEUMO
✔✔Hemorrhagic infarct is what color and why - ✔✔RED
Dual blood supply
✔✔Empyema - ✔✔Infected *exudative* pleural effusion
Meniscus opacity
Increased LDH
COMPLICATES PNEUMO
✔✔Lobar pneumonia - ✔✔*consolidation*
Ex: strep, legionella
--> Red (3-4 d)
--> Grey hepatization (5-7d)
--> Resolution (*Type II regen* in 8 d)
,✔✔Broncho Pneumonia - ✔✔*Patchy*
ex: Staph, Strep, Kleb, H flu
✔✔Interstitial Pneumonia - ✔✔Alveolar walls
Ex: Mycoplasma, Chlamydia,
Legionella,
RSV/CMV/flu/adeno
✔✔Tuberculosis - ✔✔Th1: IFNg --> activates
Macrophage (CD14): TNF-a
✔✔Lung Harmatoma - ✔✔hyaline cartilage, fat, SMC
lined by respiratory
pneumoepithelium
✔✔Pancoast syndrome - ✔✔*NSCLC* at lung apex (superior sulcus)
compression of *brachial plexus *
--> Shoulder pain, *Horner, *
Upper edema, paraplegia
✔✔Asbestos #1 cancer - ✔✔Bronchiogenic carcinoma
(Adenocarcinoma in situ)
✔✔Asbestos change in lung - ✔✔*pleural thickening, calcifications* of posterolateral
midlung and diaphragm
✔✔Mesothelioma - ✔✔Asbestos
Calcifcations, spindle cells, cytokeratins, calretinin
✔✔Bronchioalveolar carcinoma is also known as - ✔✔Adenocarcinoma in situ
✔✔Does Bronchioalveolar carcinoma have a good px - ✔✔YES
even though malignant
✔✔#1 lung cancer - ✔✔Adenocarcinoma
✔✔Bronchiolaveolar carcinoma characteristics - ✔✔*thickened* columnar cells along
alveolar walls
✔✔Bronchiolaveolar carcinoma genes - ✔✔KRAS
EGFR
ALK
,✔✔SCC in lungs characteristics - ✔✔*keratin pearls*
hilar mass
*HyperCa* --> PTHrP
(stones, bones, groans, psych overtones)
✔✔SCLC - ✔✔neuroendocrine
(*neural cell adhesion molecule)
HORMONES: *ACTH, ADH*,
Lambert Eaton
✔✔Acute transplant rejection in lungs - ✔✔*perivascular*
mononuclear infiltrates in smalll bv
✔✔Chronic transplant rejection in lungs - ✔✔*Bronchiolitis obliterans*
in small airways
✔✔Gastroschisis - ✔✔not covered by periotoneum
poor GI function
✔✔Omphalocele - ✔✔Midline herniation
*covered* by periotoneum
normal GI function
**Trisomy 13/18*, CL/P
✔✔Diverticulitis - ✔✔outpouching of
*mucosa + submucosa*
**Dysphagia
✔✔most diverticulitis are - ✔✔FALSE (pulsion, Zenker)
✔✔Meckel Diverticulum - ✔✔TRUE = *traction*
bulge at ileum
✔✔Mallory Weiss - ✔✔Mucosal tears
due to intraabdominal pressure
✔✔Boerhaave - ✔✔*Transmural *distal rupture
due to increased intraabdominal pressure
✔✔Esophagel cancer in upper 2/3 - ✔✔SCC
✔✔Esophageal cancer in lower 1/3 - ✔✔Adenocarcinoma
, ✔✔Splenic vein thrombosis causes gastric varices where - ✔✔fundus
✔✔esophageal dysfunction can be due to enlarged - ✔✔left atrium
✔✔GERD - what happens to LES tone - ✔✔DECREASED LES tone
✔✔Achalasia - what happens to LES tone - ✔✔INCREASED LES tone
✔✔Krukenberg tumor - ✔✔gastric cancer
*signet ring cells*: mucin displaces nucleus
**spreads to ovary
✔✔Zollinger-Ellison tumor - ✔✔Gastrin secreting
causes PUD
dx: increased secretin
✔✔Vipoma - ✔✔watery diarrhea + hypoK
tx: octreotide
✔✔Carcinoid syndrome - ✔✔*intestinal tumor* (*enterochromaffin)
--> *5HT, Bradykinin, PGE*
watery diarrhea
telangiectasis
Bronchospasm
**RIGHT VALVULAR FIBROUS PLAQUES
*METASTASIS*
✔✔Levels increased in Carcinoid syndrome - ✔✔*5-HIAA* in urine
high histamine, VIP
*5HT, Bradykinin, PGE*
**LOW NIACIN
✔✔Tx Carcinoid syndrome - ✔✔*Octreotide*
(somatostatin w longer t1/2)
✔✔Gastrin is from - ✔✔G cells
✔✔Gastrin causes - ✔✔mucosal growth
H secretion from parietal
✔✔Gastrin released due to - ✔✔Vagal (GRP)
Phenylalanine
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Spontaenous pneumothorax - ✔✔nontraumatic* rupture of subpleural blebs*
**20 yo thin TALL man who smokes
*DECREASED PRELOAD*
✔✔Tension pneumothorax - ✔✔Treachea deviates
REQUIRES INTUBATION
✔✔ARDS - ✔✔bilateral infiltrate
**PANCREATITIS RISK
1. *EXUDATIVE* (capillary permeability)
2. *Proliferative* (collagen)
3. *Fibrotic* (pulmonary fiborsis + HTN)
✔✔What are the risks from ARDS - ✔✔Sepsis
Pancreatitis
Pneumo
✔✔cystic fibrosis genetics - ✔✔*dF508 frameshift*
CFT protein - post-tln
HypoNa
✔✔Cystic Fibrosis complications - ✔✔Dec *Vit A* --> Pancreatic (squamous
metaplasia)
Def *Vit E* --> Neuromuscular, hemolytic anemia
Def *Vit K *--> Intracranial hemorrhage
Meconium Ileus; No Vas deferns; Digital clubbing
DEATH FROM PNEUMO
✔✔Hemorrhagic infarct is what color and why - ✔✔RED
Dual blood supply
✔✔Empyema - ✔✔Infected *exudative* pleural effusion
Meniscus opacity
Increased LDH
COMPLICATES PNEUMO
✔✔Lobar pneumonia - ✔✔*consolidation*
Ex: strep, legionella
--> Red (3-4 d)
--> Grey hepatization (5-7d)
--> Resolution (*Type II regen* in 8 d)
,✔✔Broncho Pneumonia - ✔✔*Patchy*
ex: Staph, Strep, Kleb, H flu
✔✔Interstitial Pneumonia - ✔✔Alveolar walls
Ex: Mycoplasma, Chlamydia,
Legionella,
RSV/CMV/flu/adeno
✔✔Tuberculosis - ✔✔Th1: IFNg --> activates
Macrophage (CD14): TNF-a
✔✔Lung Harmatoma - ✔✔hyaline cartilage, fat, SMC
lined by respiratory
pneumoepithelium
✔✔Pancoast syndrome - ✔✔*NSCLC* at lung apex (superior sulcus)
compression of *brachial plexus *
--> Shoulder pain, *Horner, *
Upper edema, paraplegia
✔✔Asbestos #1 cancer - ✔✔Bronchiogenic carcinoma
(Adenocarcinoma in situ)
✔✔Asbestos change in lung - ✔✔*pleural thickening, calcifications* of posterolateral
midlung and diaphragm
✔✔Mesothelioma - ✔✔Asbestos
Calcifcations, spindle cells, cytokeratins, calretinin
✔✔Bronchioalveolar carcinoma is also known as - ✔✔Adenocarcinoma in situ
✔✔Does Bronchioalveolar carcinoma have a good px - ✔✔YES
even though malignant
✔✔#1 lung cancer - ✔✔Adenocarcinoma
✔✔Bronchiolaveolar carcinoma characteristics - ✔✔*thickened* columnar cells along
alveolar walls
✔✔Bronchiolaveolar carcinoma genes - ✔✔KRAS
EGFR
ALK
,✔✔SCC in lungs characteristics - ✔✔*keratin pearls*
hilar mass
*HyperCa* --> PTHrP
(stones, bones, groans, psych overtones)
✔✔SCLC - ✔✔neuroendocrine
(*neural cell adhesion molecule)
HORMONES: *ACTH, ADH*,
Lambert Eaton
✔✔Acute transplant rejection in lungs - ✔✔*perivascular*
mononuclear infiltrates in smalll bv
✔✔Chronic transplant rejection in lungs - ✔✔*Bronchiolitis obliterans*
in small airways
✔✔Gastroschisis - ✔✔not covered by periotoneum
poor GI function
✔✔Omphalocele - ✔✔Midline herniation
*covered* by periotoneum
normal GI function
**Trisomy 13/18*, CL/P
✔✔Diverticulitis - ✔✔outpouching of
*mucosa + submucosa*
**Dysphagia
✔✔most diverticulitis are - ✔✔FALSE (pulsion, Zenker)
✔✔Meckel Diverticulum - ✔✔TRUE = *traction*
bulge at ileum
✔✔Mallory Weiss - ✔✔Mucosal tears
due to intraabdominal pressure
✔✔Boerhaave - ✔✔*Transmural *distal rupture
due to increased intraabdominal pressure
✔✔Esophagel cancer in upper 2/3 - ✔✔SCC
✔✔Esophageal cancer in lower 1/3 - ✔✔Adenocarcinoma
, ✔✔Splenic vein thrombosis causes gastric varices where - ✔✔fundus
✔✔esophageal dysfunction can be due to enlarged - ✔✔left atrium
✔✔GERD - what happens to LES tone - ✔✔DECREASED LES tone
✔✔Achalasia - what happens to LES tone - ✔✔INCREASED LES tone
✔✔Krukenberg tumor - ✔✔gastric cancer
*signet ring cells*: mucin displaces nucleus
**spreads to ovary
✔✔Zollinger-Ellison tumor - ✔✔Gastrin secreting
causes PUD
dx: increased secretin
✔✔Vipoma - ✔✔watery diarrhea + hypoK
tx: octreotide
✔✔Carcinoid syndrome - ✔✔*intestinal tumor* (*enterochromaffin)
--> *5HT, Bradykinin, PGE*
watery diarrhea
telangiectasis
Bronchospasm
**RIGHT VALVULAR FIBROUS PLAQUES
*METASTASIS*
✔✔Levels increased in Carcinoid syndrome - ✔✔*5-HIAA* in urine
high histamine, VIP
*5HT, Bradykinin, PGE*
**LOW NIACIN
✔✔Tx Carcinoid syndrome - ✔✔*Octreotide*
(somatostatin w longer t1/2)
✔✔Gastrin is from - ✔✔G cells
✔✔Gastrin causes - ✔✔mucosal growth
H secretion from parietal
✔✔Gastrin released due to - ✔✔Vagal (GRP)
Phenylalanine
