RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 2 QUESTIONS & ACCURATE
ANSWERS PASSED ALREADY
GRADED A+
Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach or a
region) - Correct Answer ✔✔ Gastritis
_________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe ulceration with
hemorrhage - Correct Answer ✔✔ Acute Gastritis
_________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and
epigastric pain - Correct Answer ✔✔ Acute Gastritis
_________ Gastritis develops gradually. - Correct Answer ✔✔ Chronic Gastritis
Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive - Correct Answer ✔✔
Chronic Gastritis
Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort, and hematemesis.
- Correct Answer ✔✔ Acute Gastritis
Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain
and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake. - Correct Answer ✔✔ Chronic Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an infection or allergic
reaction - Correct Answer ✔✔ Gastroenteritis
Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease - Correct Answer
✔✔ Chronic Gastroenteritis
Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or undercooked chicken
or eggs - Correct Answer ✔✔ Acute Gastroenteritis
Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and vomiting -
Correct Answer ✔✔ Gastroenteritis
Most common cause of chronic gastritis - Correct Answer ✔✔ Helicobacter pylori
,Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that cause
inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors (smoking and stress) may
increase the susceptibility - Correct Answer ✔✔ Helicobacter pylori
Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water contamination, long-
term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive alcohol use, severe stress,
autoimmune conditions, and other chronic disease - Correct Answer ✔✔ Gastritis
Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage - Correct Answer ✔✔
Chronic Gastritis
Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping,
nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can
indicate ulceration and bleeding. - Correct Answer ✔✔ Gastritis
Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile can also back
up into the esophagus. - Correct Answer ✔✔ GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease)
These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa - Correct Answer ✔✔ GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages, citrus fruit,
tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint), alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal
hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers,
calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed
gastric emptying - Correct Answer ✔✔ GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when
recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and
sensation of a lump in the throat. - Correct Answer ✔✔ GERD (Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease)
Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, and chronic
pulmonary disease - Correct Answer ✔✔ GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease - Correct
Answer ✔✔ GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum - Correct Answer ✔✔ Peptic
Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use
(NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric tumors, and those for GERD. - Correct
Answer ✔✔ Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
, Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration through the GI tract
wall. Develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and protective
mechanisms - Correct Answer ✔✔ Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - Correct Answer ✔✔ Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections. Typically present
with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food - Correct Answer ✔✔
Duodenal ulcers
Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy and nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically worsens with eating. - Correct Answer ✔✔
Gastric Ulcers
Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to local tissue
ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI motility. -
Correct Answer ✔✔ Stress ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with burns - Correct Answer ✔✔ Curling's ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with head injuries - Correct Answer ✔✔ Cushing's ulcers
Most frequently develop in the stomach; multiple ulcers can form within hours of the
precipitating event. - Correct Answer ✔✔ Stress ulcers
Often hemorrhage is the first indicator because the ulcer develops rapidly and tends to
be masked by the primary problem - Correct Answer ✔✔ Stress ulcer
Complications of?: GI hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and peritonitis - Correct
Answer ✔✔ Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Manifestations of?: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping, heartburn,
indigestion, nausea, and vomiting - Correct Answer ✔✔ Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine; it affects the mucosa and sometimes
other layers - Correct Answer ✔✔ Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Causes of?: Exposure to antibiotics, patients with cancer, or post abdominal surgery
susceptible, mediated by bacterial toxins - Correct Answer ✔✔ Pseudomembranous
Colitis (C. Diff)
Manifestations of?: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis -
Correct Answer ✔✔ Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
EXAM 2 QUESTIONS & ACCURATE
ANSWERS PASSED ALREADY
GRADED A+
Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach or a
region) - Correct Answer ✔✔ Gastritis
_________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe ulceration with
hemorrhage - Correct Answer ✔✔ Acute Gastritis
_________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and
epigastric pain - Correct Answer ✔✔ Acute Gastritis
_________ Gastritis develops gradually. - Correct Answer ✔✔ Chronic Gastritis
Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive - Correct Answer ✔✔
Chronic Gastritis
Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort, and hematemesis.
- Correct Answer ✔✔ Acute Gastritis
Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain
and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake. - Correct Answer ✔✔ Chronic Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an infection or allergic
reaction - Correct Answer ✔✔ Gastroenteritis
Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease - Correct Answer
✔✔ Chronic Gastroenteritis
Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or undercooked chicken
or eggs - Correct Answer ✔✔ Acute Gastroenteritis
Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and vomiting -
Correct Answer ✔✔ Gastroenteritis
Most common cause of chronic gastritis - Correct Answer ✔✔ Helicobacter pylori
,Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that cause
inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors (smoking and stress) may
increase the susceptibility - Correct Answer ✔✔ Helicobacter pylori
Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water contamination, long-
term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive alcohol use, severe stress,
autoimmune conditions, and other chronic disease - Correct Answer ✔✔ Gastritis
Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage - Correct Answer ✔✔
Chronic Gastritis
Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping,
nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can
indicate ulceration and bleeding. - Correct Answer ✔✔ Gastritis
Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile can also back
up into the esophagus. - Correct Answer ✔✔ GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease)
These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa - Correct Answer ✔✔ GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages, citrus fruit,
tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint), alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal
hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers,
calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed
gastric emptying - Correct Answer ✔✔ GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when
recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and
sensation of a lump in the throat. - Correct Answer ✔✔ GERD (Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease)
Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, and chronic
pulmonary disease - Correct Answer ✔✔ GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease - Correct
Answer ✔✔ GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum - Correct Answer ✔✔ Peptic
Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use
(NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric tumors, and those for GERD. - Correct
Answer ✔✔ Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
, Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration through the GI tract
wall. Develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and protective
mechanisms - Correct Answer ✔✔ Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - Correct Answer ✔✔ Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections. Typically present
with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food - Correct Answer ✔✔
Duodenal ulcers
Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy and nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically worsens with eating. - Correct Answer ✔✔
Gastric Ulcers
Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to local tissue
ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI motility. -
Correct Answer ✔✔ Stress ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with burns - Correct Answer ✔✔ Curling's ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with head injuries - Correct Answer ✔✔ Cushing's ulcers
Most frequently develop in the stomach; multiple ulcers can form within hours of the
precipitating event. - Correct Answer ✔✔ Stress ulcers
Often hemorrhage is the first indicator because the ulcer develops rapidly and tends to
be masked by the primary problem - Correct Answer ✔✔ Stress ulcer
Complications of?: GI hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and peritonitis - Correct
Answer ✔✔ Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Manifestations of?: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping, heartburn,
indigestion, nausea, and vomiting - Correct Answer ✔✔ Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine; it affects the mucosa and sometimes
other layers - Correct Answer ✔✔ Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Causes of?: Exposure to antibiotics, patients with cancer, or post abdominal surgery
susceptible, mediated by bacterial toxins - Correct Answer ✔✔ Pseudomembranous
Colitis (C. Diff)
Manifestations of?: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis -
Correct Answer ✔✔ Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
