POLIT & BECK 9TH ED NURSING
RESEARCH CH9 EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE | 100%
CORRECT.
Blinding - ANS If information about the study will be withheld form data collectors, study
participants or other to minimize risk of bias.
Internal validity - ANS Extent to which it can be inferred that the independent variable is
causing the outcome.
What are the threats to internal validity - ANS Selection Bias, History, Maturation, Mortality,
Testing and Instrumentation
History Threat - ANS Occurrence of events concurrent with the independent variable that can
affect the outcome.
Maturation Threat - ANS Arises from processes occurring as a result of time rather than the
independent variable.
Selection Threat - ANS Reflects biases stemming from pre-existing differences between
groups
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, Mortality Threat - ANS Threat that arises from attrition in groups being compared. If different
kinds of people remain in the study in one group verses another then theses differences could
account the change in the outcomes rather than the independent variable.
Statistical Power - ANS The capacity the detect true relationships
Statistical Conclusion validity - ANS The degree to which interference about relationships
from a statistical analysis of the data are correct. ( Type II error- usually due to too small sample
size)
External validity - ANS Concerns inferences about whether relationships found for study
participants might hold true for different people and settings. Critical to EBP
Constructs Validity - ANS Involves inferences form the particulars of the study to the higher
order constructs they are intended to represent.
Retrospective Design - ANS Collecting data about an outcome in the present and then looking
back in time for a possible cause.
Retrospective Design - ANS Also called a Ex Post Facto
A design often used epidemiological studies ( case control is an example) - ANS Retrospective
Design
Studies that are typically expensive, time consuming and subject to the risk of attrition ( loss of
participants over time) but yield valuable information over time related phenomena -
ANS Longitudinal Studies
Longitudinal Studies - ANS Data collection at tow or more times over an extended period.
Cross-Sectional Design - ANS Collection of data at one time period.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 7
RESEARCH CH9 EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE | 100%
CORRECT.
Blinding - ANS If information about the study will be withheld form data collectors, study
participants or other to minimize risk of bias.
Internal validity - ANS Extent to which it can be inferred that the independent variable is
causing the outcome.
What are the threats to internal validity - ANS Selection Bias, History, Maturation, Mortality,
Testing and Instrumentation
History Threat - ANS Occurrence of events concurrent with the independent variable that can
affect the outcome.
Maturation Threat - ANS Arises from processes occurring as a result of time rather than the
independent variable.
Selection Threat - ANS Reflects biases stemming from pre-existing differences between
groups
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 7
, Mortality Threat - ANS Threat that arises from attrition in groups being compared. If different
kinds of people remain in the study in one group verses another then theses differences could
account the change in the outcomes rather than the independent variable.
Statistical Power - ANS The capacity the detect true relationships
Statistical Conclusion validity - ANS The degree to which interference about relationships
from a statistical analysis of the data are correct. ( Type II error- usually due to too small sample
size)
External validity - ANS Concerns inferences about whether relationships found for study
participants might hold true for different people and settings. Critical to EBP
Constructs Validity - ANS Involves inferences form the particulars of the study to the higher
order constructs they are intended to represent.
Retrospective Design - ANS Collecting data about an outcome in the present and then looking
back in time for a possible cause.
Retrospective Design - ANS Also called a Ex Post Facto
A design often used epidemiological studies ( case control is an example) - ANS Retrospective
Design
Studies that are typically expensive, time consuming and subject to the risk of attrition ( loss of
participants over time) but yield valuable information over time related phenomena -
ANS Longitudinal Studies
Longitudinal Studies - ANS Data collection at tow or more times over an extended period.
Cross-Sectional Design - ANS Collection of data at one time period.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 7
