BIO 254 EXAM 2 – ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II
(HONDROS COLLEGE) Actual Exam | Official
Exam – Complete Q&A with Rationales – Pass
Guaranteed - A+ Graded
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1 | Cardiovascular System – Heart Anatomy & Physiology | Q1 – Q10
Section 2 | Cardiovascular System – Blood Vessels & Hemodynamics | Q11 – Q20
Section 3 | Lymphatic System & Immunity | Q21 – Q30
Section 4 | Respiratory System | Q31 – Q40
Section 5 | Digestive System | Q41 – Q50
Instructions: Choose the single best answer. Pass: 40 in 90 minutes.
══════════════════════════════════════
SECTION 1: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM – HEART ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Q1 – Q10
══════════════════════════════════════
Question 1 of 50
A 68-year-old patient has a systolic murmur best heard at the right second intercostal
space. Which heart valve is most likely involved in this finding?
A. Mitral valve
B. Tricuspid valve
C. Aortic valve ✓ CORRECT
D. Pulmonary valve
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The aortic valve is auscultated at the right second intercostal space, and a
systolic murmur at this location suggests turbulent flow during ventricular ejection,
consistent with aortic stenosis. The mitral valve is heard at the cardiac apex and
typically produces diastolic murmurs when stenotic. Clinicians map murmur locations
,to specific valves because sound radiates in predictable patterns that guide diagnostic
workup.
Question 2 of 50
A 45-year-old patient has an ECG showing no P waves but regular narrow QRS
complexes at a rate of 55 beats per minute. Which structure is most likely serving as the
pacemaker?
A. SA node
B. AV node ✓ CORRECT
C. Bundle of His
D. Purkinje fibers
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The absence of P waves with a regular narrow QRS complex at 40 to 60 beats
per minute indicates the AV node has assumed pacemaker function because the atria
are not depolarizing. The SA node normally produces visible P waves and fires at 60 to
100 beats per minute. Junctional escape rhythms are common after inferior wall
myocardial infarction because the right coronary artery supplies the AV node.
Question 3 of 50
A 55-year-old patient is diagnosed with an inferior wall myocardial infarction. Which
coronary artery is most likely occluded?
A. Right coronary artery ✓ CORRECT
B. Left anterior descending artery
C. Circumflex artery
D. Left main coronary artery
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The right coronary artery supplies the inferior wall of the left ventricle in most
individuals, making it the culprit vessel in inferior MIs. The left anterior descending
, artery supplies the anterior wall and interventricular septum, while the circumflex serves
the lateral wall. ECG findings in inferior MI typically show ST elevation in leads II, III, and
aVF, which guides the cardiologist to suspect RCA occlusion.
Question 4 of 50
A patient receives an intravenous fluid infusion that increases venous return to the right
ventricle. According to the Frank-Starling mechanism, what happens to ventricular
stroke volume?
A. It decreases due to increased afterload
B. It remains unchanged if contractility is constant
C. It decreases because of excessive ventricular filling
D. It increases as cardiac muscle fibers stretch optimally ✓ CORRECT
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Frank-Starling law states that increased ventricular filling stretches
cardiac muscle fibers, leading to a more forceful contraction and greater stroke volume
up to a physiological limit. This mechanism does not increase afterload, which is the
resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood. Clinicians use this principle when
giving intravenous fluids to hypotensive patients, but excessive volume can overstretch
the heart and cause failure.
Question 5 of 50
A medical student hears an S3 heart sound while examining a healthy 22-year-old
athlete during a routine physical. This sound is produced by which physiological event?
A. Atrial contraction against a noncompliant ventricle
B. Sudden deceleration of blood entering a compliant ventricle ✓ CORRECT
C. Closure of the semilunar valves
D. Turbulent blood flow across the mitral valve
Correct Answer: B
(HONDROS COLLEGE) Actual Exam | Official
Exam – Complete Q&A with Rationales – Pass
Guaranteed - A+ Graded
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1 | Cardiovascular System – Heart Anatomy & Physiology | Q1 – Q10
Section 2 | Cardiovascular System – Blood Vessels & Hemodynamics | Q11 – Q20
Section 3 | Lymphatic System & Immunity | Q21 – Q30
Section 4 | Respiratory System | Q31 – Q40
Section 5 | Digestive System | Q41 – Q50
Instructions: Choose the single best answer. Pass: 40 in 90 minutes.
══════════════════════════════════════
SECTION 1: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM – HEART ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Q1 – Q10
══════════════════════════════════════
Question 1 of 50
A 68-year-old patient has a systolic murmur best heard at the right second intercostal
space. Which heart valve is most likely involved in this finding?
A. Mitral valve
B. Tricuspid valve
C. Aortic valve ✓ CORRECT
D. Pulmonary valve
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The aortic valve is auscultated at the right second intercostal space, and a
systolic murmur at this location suggests turbulent flow during ventricular ejection,
consistent with aortic stenosis. The mitral valve is heard at the cardiac apex and
typically produces diastolic murmurs when stenotic. Clinicians map murmur locations
,to specific valves because sound radiates in predictable patterns that guide diagnostic
workup.
Question 2 of 50
A 45-year-old patient has an ECG showing no P waves but regular narrow QRS
complexes at a rate of 55 beats per minute. Which structure is most likely serving as the
pacemaker?
A. SA node
B. AV node ✓ CORRECT
C. Bundle of His
D. Purkinje fibers
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The absence of P waves with a regular narrow QRS complex at 40 to 60 beats
per minute indicates the AV node has assumed pacemaker function because the atria
are not depolarizing. The SA node normally produces visible P waves and fires at 60 to
100 beats per minute. Junctional escape rhythms are common after inferior wall
myocardial infarction because the right coronary artery supplies the AV node.
Question 3 of 50
A 55-year-old patient is diagnosed with an inferior wall myocardial infarction. Which
coronary artery is most likely occluded?
A. Right coronary artery ✓ CORRECT
B. Left anterior descending artery
C. Circumflex artery
D. Left main coronary artery
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The right coronary artery supplies the inferior wall of the left ventricle in most
individuals, making it the culprit vessel in inferior MIs. The left anterior descending
, artery supplies the anterior wall and interventricular septum, while the circumflex serves
the lateral wall. ECG findings in inferior MI typically show ST elevation in leads II, III, and
aVF, which guides the cardiologist to suspect RCA occlusion.
Question 4 of 50
A patient receives an intravenous fluid infusion that increases venous return to the right
ventricle. According to the Frank-Starling mechanism, what happens to ventricular
stroke volume?
A. It decreases due to increased afterload
B. It remains unchanged if contractility is constant
C. It decreases because of excessive ventricular filling
D. It increases as cardiac muscle fibers stretch optimally ✓ CORRECT
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Frank-Starling law states that increased ventricular filling stretches
cardiac muscle fibers, leading to a more forceful contraction and greater stroke volume
up to a physiological limit. This mechanism does not increase afterload, which is the
resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood. Clinicians use this principle when
giving intravenous fluids to hypotensive patients, but excessive volume can overstretch
the heart and cause failure.
Question 5 of 50
A medical student hears an S3 heart sound while examining a healthy 22-year-old
athlete during a routine physical. This sound is produced by which physiological event?
A. Atrial contraction against a noncompliant ventricle
B. Sudden deceleration of blood entering a compliant ventricle ✓ CORRECT
C. Closure of the semilunar valves
D. Turbulent blood flow across the mitral valve
Correct Answer: B
