NR 601 Primary Care of Aging Adult Final Exam Study
Guide: (Latest 2026/2027 Update) Geriatrics, Diabetes,
Urology, Dementia, Palliative Care | Q&A | Grade A | 100%
Correct Verified Answers
Subject: Primary Care of Aging Adult – Elder Abuse (Types, Risk Factors, Provider Responsibility, Self-
Neglect, Exploitation, Neglect, Abandonment, Emotional/Sexual Abuse); Prediabetes & Diabetes
Mellitus (Physiology, Diagnosis, HbA1c Goals by Health Status, Monitoring, Labs, Lifestyle Changes,
Nutrition, Exercise, Vaccines, Pharmacotherapy (Metformin, Insulin, ASA), Risk Factors, Complications,
Referrals); UTI (Pathophysiology, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment in Geriatrics, When to Treat/Not Treat,
Risk Factors, Complications, Education); Types of Urinary Incontinence (Stress, Urge, Overflow,
Functional); Menopause (Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Assessment, Treatment, Atrophic Vaginitis,
Complications, Bone Density Screening); Erectile Dysfunction (Pathophysiology, Labs, Diagnosis,
Pharmacologic & Procedural Treatment, Risk Factors, Complications, Referral); Alzheimer's Disease &
Dementia (Pathophysiology, Stages, Assessment, Labs, Diagnostics, Pharmacologic Treatment, Risk
Factors, Complications, Referrals); Delirium (Pathophysiology, Assessment, Diagnosis, Treatment, Risk
Factors); Hospice & Palliative Care (Primary Medication, Most Common Symptoms, SPIKES); Grief
(Uncomplicated vs Complicated, Normal Occurrence).
Source: NR 601 Final Exam 2026, AGS, ADA, USPSTF, CDC.
Format: Q&A Study Guide with Clinical Rationale | Verified Answers | Grade A Guaranteed
Types of Elder Abuse – list
Correct Answer: Emotional abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, exploitation, abandonment, self-neglect.
1. Emotional abuse: verbal/nonverbal actions causing anguish, distress, pain. Sexual abuse: any sexual
contact without consent. Neglect: failing to provide food, shelter, healthcare, protection. Exploitation:
taking assets without consent not for beneficiary benefit. Abandonment: leaving elder after assuming
care responsibility. Self-neglect: independently living but unable to provide for own needs.
2. Provider responsibility: always keep abuse as differential (especially unexplained STDs), listen to
patient responses, perform physical/cognitive exam, order necessary tests, interview patient and
caregiver separately.
If your patient is living independently but not able to provide for his or her needs, this is an
example of what type of abuse?
Correct Answer: Self-neglect (inability to provide own food, shelter, healthcare, safety).
1. Self-neglect includes hoarding, poor hygiene, malnutrition, medical nonadherence, unsafe living
conditions. Report to Adult Protective Services (APS).
, Who is most likely to be abusers?
Correct Answer: People between 60-70 years old, living with spouses or children (family members
most common perpetrators).
1. Additional risk factors: women at higher risk for physical/sexual abuse (under-reporting in men),
cultural beliefs (tolerance for abuse), social isolation, loneliness.
2. Signs of neglect: lack of hygiene, missed appointments, missing assistive devices (cane, glasses),
weight loss, poor nutrition, decubiti ulcers.
Prediabetes physiology
Correct Answer: Impaired glucose tolerance (fasting 100-125 mg/dL, A1c 5.7-6.4%, or OGTT 140-199
mg/dL).
1. Progression to type 2 diabetes ~5-10% per year. Lifestyle modification (weight loss 7%, exercise 150
min/week) reduces progression by 58% (DPP trial).
Type 1 DM physiology
Correct Answer: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to ketoacidosis and
absolute lack of insulin.
1. Typically presents in children/young adults. Requires lifelong insulin therapy. First insulin often glargine
(Lantus) – peakless, fewer hypoglycemic episodes.
Type 2 DM physiology
Correct Answer: Insulin resistance & impaired insulin secretion by islet cells of the pancreas with
progressive decline of beta cell function.
1. Associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, genetics. First-line medication: metformin (glucophage) –
start low, go slow (GI side effects), titrate over 3-6 weeks.
Diabetes diagnosis criteria
Correct Answer: HgA1c ≥6.5%; Random BG ≥200 mg/dL with classic hyperglycemia symptoms;
Fasting BG ≥126 mg/dL on 2 separate occasions; 2-hour postload BG ≥200 mg/dL during OGTT.
1. OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test): measure BG 2 hours after 75g glucose load. Used for gestational
diabetes or when diagnosis unclear.
HbA1c goals by patient health status
Correct Answer: Healthy (few coexisting conditions, intact cognition) → <7.5%.
Complex/intermediate (≥2 IADL impairments or mild-moderate cognitive impairment) → <8.0%. Very
complex/poor health (nursing home, end-stage chronic illness, moderate-severe cognitive
impairment) → <8.5%.
1. HbA1c checked every 3 months until stable, then every 6 months. Annual labs: CMP, lipid panel, U/A,
C-peptide, microalbumin.
2. Lifestyle changes assessed at 3-6 months. If A1c >9.0% at diagnosis, consider adjunct therapy.
Vaccines for diabetics
Correct Answer: Pneumococcal (PCV13 once, PPSV23 at age 65), Influenza (annual), Tdap, Hepatitis
B (if age 19-59, or >60 with risk factors).
1. Exercise goal: 150 minutes/week moderate intensity. Nutrition: meal planning, weight loss 5%,
consistent schedule, avoid refined sugar/sweetened beverages.
Guide: (Latest 2026/2027 Update) Geriatrics, Diabetes,
Urology, Dementia, Palliative Care | Q&A | Grade A | 100%
Correct Verified Answers
Subject: Primary Care of Aging Adult – Elder Abuse (Types, Risk Factors, Provider Responsibility, Self-
Neglect, Exploitation, Neglect, Abandonment, Emotional/Sexual Abuse); Prediabetes & Diabetes
Mellitus (Physiology, Diagnosis, HbA1c Goals by Health Status, Monitoring, Labs, Lifestyle Changes,
Nutrition, Exercise, Vaccines, Pharmacotherapy (Metformin, Insulin, ASA), Risk Factors, Complications,
Referrals); UTI (Pathophysiology, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment in Geriatrics, When to Treat/Not Treat,
Risk Factors, Complications, Education); Types of Urinary Incontinence (Stress, Urge, Overflow,
Functional); Menopause (Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Assessment, Treatment, Atrophic Vaginitis,
Complications, Bone Density Screening); Erectile Dysfunction (Pathophysiology, Labs, Diagnosis,
Pharmacologic & Procedural Treatment, Risk Factors, Complications, Referral); Alzheimer's Disease &
Dementia (Pathophysiology, Stages, Assessment, Labs, Diagnostics, Pharmacologic Treatment, Risk
Factors, Complications, Referrals); Delirium (Pathophysiology, Assessment, Diagnosis, Treatment, Risk
Factors); Hospice & Palliative Care (Primary Medication, Most Common Symptoms, SPIKES); Grief
(Uncomplicated vs Complicated, Normal Occurrence).
Source: NR 601 Final Exam 2026, AGS, ADA, USPSTF, CDC.
Format: Q&A Study Guide with Clinical Rationale | Verified Answers | Grade A Guaranteed
Types of Elder Abuse – list
Correct Answer: Emotional abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, exploitation, abandonment, self-neglect.
1. Emotional abuse: verbal/nonverbal actions causing anguish, distress, pain. Sexual abuse: any sexual
contact without consent. Neglect: failing to provide food, shelter, healthcare, protection. Exploitation:
taking assets without consent not for beneficiary benefit. Abandonment: leaving elder after assuming
care responsibility. Self-neglect: independently living but unable to provide for own needs.
2. Provider responsibility: always keep abuse as differential (especially unexplained STDs), listen to
patient responses, perform physical/cognitive exam, order necessary tests, interview patient and
caregiver separately.
If your patient is living independently but not able to provide for his or her needs, this is an
example of what type of abuse?
Correct Answer: Self-neglect (inability to provide own food, shelter, healthcare, safety).
1. Self-neglect includes hoarding, poor hygiene, malnutrition, medical nonadherence, unsafe living
conditions. Report to Adult Protective Services (APS).
, Who is most likely to be abusers?
Correct Answer: People between 60-70 years old, living with spouses or children (family members
most common perpetrators).
1. Additional risk factors: women at higher risk for physical/sexual abuse (under-reporting in men),
cultural beliefs (tolerance for abuse), social isolation, loneliness.
2. Signs of neglect: lack of hygiene, missed appointments, missing assistive devices (cane, glasses),
weight loss, poor nutrition, decubiti ulcers.
Prediabetes physiology
Correct Answer: Impaired glucose tolerance (fasting 100-125 mg/dL, A1c 5.7-6.4%, or OGTT 140-199
mg/dL).
1. Progression to type 2 diabetes ~5-10% per year. Lifestyle modification (weight loss 7%, exercise 150
min/week) reduces progression by 58% (DPP trial).
Type 1 DM physiology
Correct Answer: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to ketoacidosis and
absolute lack of insulin.
1. Typically presents in children/young adults. Requires lifelong insulin therapy. First insulin often glargine
(Lantus) – peakless, fewer hypoglycemic episodes.
Type 2 DM physiology
Correct Answer: Insulin resistance & impaired insulin secretion by islet cells of the pancreas with
progressive decline of beta cell function.
1. Associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, genetics. First-line medication: metformin (glucophage) –
start low, go slow (GI side effects), titrate over 3-6 weeks.
Diabetes diagnosis criteria
Correct Answer: HgA1c ≥6.5%; Random BG ≥200 mg/dL with classic hyperglycemia symptoms;
Fasting BG ≥126 mg/dL on 2 separate occasions; 2-hour postload BG ≥200 mg/dL during OGTT.
1. OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test): measure BG 2 hours after 75g glucose load. Used for gestational
diabetes or when diagnosis unclear.
HbA1c goals by patient health status
Correct Answer: Healthy (few coexisting conditions, intact cognition) → <7.5%.
Complex/intermediate (≥2 IADL impairments or mild-moderate cognitive impairment) → <8.0%. Very
complex/poor health (nursing home, end-stage chronic illness, moderate-severe cognitive
impairment) → <8.5%.
1. HbA1c checked every 3 months until stable, then every 6 months. Annual labs: CMP, lipid panel, U/A,
C-peptide, microalbumin.
2. Lifestyle changes assessed at 3-6 months. If A1c >9.0% at diagnosis, consider adjunct therapy.
Vaccines for diabetics
Correct Answer: Pneumococcal (PCV13 once, PPSV23 at age 65), Influenza (annual), Tdap, Hepatitis
B (if age 19-59, or >60 with risk factors).
1. Exercise goal: 150 minutes/week moderate intensity. Nutrition: meal planning, weight loss 5%,
consistent schedule, avoid refined sugar/sweetened beverages.
