CHEMOTHERAPY IMMUNOTHERAPY ONS
ONCC CERTIFICATE STUDY SHEET 2026
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ 3 steps of interphase: Answer: First growth phase (G1)
Synthesis phase (S phase)
Second growth phase (G2)
⩥ 4 phases of mitosis: Answer: Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
⩥ Innate immunity: Answer: Non-specific response, either:
1. Barrier (skin, mucous membranes, flora of skin/gut)
2. Cellular components (phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes,
macrophages)
⩥ Adaptive immunity: Answer: Follows innate immunity if
unsuccessful. Memory immunity, including:
1. Humoral immunity (production of antibodies or immunoglobulins)
2. Cell mediated immunity (dependent upon T cells)
,3. Regulatory T -cells (prevent autoimmune reactions and limit
inflammatory responses)
⩥ Define mutations Answer: Variations in the nucleotide sequence of a
gene
⩥ 3 main goals of treatment: Answer: Cure
Control
Palliation
⩥ Define neoadjuvant therapy Answer: Treatment is given prior to
surgery to shrink the tumor
⩥ Define adjuvant therapy Answer: Additional cancer treatment given
after the primary treatment to lower the risk that the cancer reoccur
⩥ Define conditioning/preparative therapy Answer: Treatments used to
prepare a patient for stem cell transplantation
⩥ 2 types of conditioning therapies: Answer: Myeloablative
Nonmyeloablative
⩥ Define dose density Answer: Drug dose per unit of time
, ⩥ Define dose intensity Answer: Amount of drug delivered over time
⩥ How is relative dose intensity (RDI) calculated? Answer: By
comparing the dose that the patient ACTUALLY received to the planned
dose of the standard regimen
⩥ How do alkylating agents work? Answer: By causing a break in the
DNA helix strand, interfering with DNA replication and causing cell
death
⩥ 3 subcategories of alkylating agents: Answer: 1. Nitrogen mustards
2. Platinum-based agents (do not possess an alkyl group but still termed
alkylating agents as they work similarly)
3. Nitrosoureas
⩥ Most common subcategory of alkylating agents: Answer: Nitrogen
mustards
⩥ Common alkylating agents: Answer: Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
Ifosfamide (Ifex)
Bendamustine (Treanda)
⩥ Common platinum-based agents: Answer: Cisplatin (Platinol)
ONCC CERTIFICATE STUDY SHEET 2026
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ 3 steps of interphase: Answer: First growth phase (G1)
Synthesis phase (S phase)
Second growth phase (G2)
⩥ 4 phases of mitosis: Answer: Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
⩥ Innate immunity: Answer: Non-specific response, either:
1. Barrier (skin, mucous membranes, flora of skin/gut)
2. Cellular components (phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes,
macrophages)
⩥ Adaptive immunity: Answer: Follows innate immunity if
unsuccessful. Memory immunity, including:
1. Humoral immunity (production of antibodies or immunoglobulins)
2. Cell mediated immunity (dependent upon T cells)
,3. Regulatory T -cells (prevent autoimmune reactions and limit
inflammatory responses)
⩥ Define mutations Answer: Variations in the nucleotide sequence of a
gene
⩥ 3 main goals of treatment: Answer: Cure
Control
Palliation
⩥ Define neoadjuvant therapy Answer: Treatment is given prior to
surgery to shrink the tumor
⩥ Define adjuvant therapy Answer: Additional cancer treatment given
after the primary treatment to lower the risk that the cancer reoccur
⩥ Define conditioning/preparative therapy Answer: Treatments used to
prepare a patient for stem cell transplantation
⩥ 2 types of conditioning therapies: Answer: Myeloablative
Nonmyeloablative
⩥ Define dose density Answer: Drug dose per unit of time
, ⩥ Define dose intensity Answer: Amount of drug delivered over time
⩥ How is relative dose intensity (RDI) calculated? Answer: By
comparing the dose that the patient ACTUALLY received to the planned
dose of the standard regimen
⩥ How do alkylating agents work? Answer: By causing a break in the
DNA helix strand, interfering with DNA replication and causing cell
death
⩥ 3 subcategories of alkylating agents: Answer: 1. Nitrogen mustards
2. Platinum-based agents (do not possess an alkyl group but still termed
alkylating agents as they work similarly)
3. Nitrosoureas
⩥ Most common subcategory of alkylating agents: Answer: Nitrogen
mustards
⩥ Common alkylating agents: Answer: Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
Ifosfamide (Ifex)
Bendamustine (Treanda)
⩥ Common platinum-based agents: Answer: Cisplatin (Platinol)
