CHILDBEARING AND CHILDREARING FAMILY
MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PREP
◉ diagnosis of intussusception. Answer: ultrasound is gold standard
◉ Dance sign. Answer: Sausage like mass in RUQ with emptiness in
RLQ (intussusception)
◉ Physical exam intussusception. Answer: • Observe the infant's
appearance and behavior over a period of time; often the child
appears glassy-eyed and groggy between episodes, almost as if
sedated.
• Dance sign
• The abdomen is often distended and tender to palpation.
• Grossly bloody or guaiac-positive stools.
◉ Management intussusception. Answer: • Radiologic reduction
using a therapeutic air contrast enema under fluoroscopy is the gold
standard.
• Surgery is necessary if perforation, peritonitis, or hypovolemic
shock is suspected or radiologic reduction fails.
,• IV antibiotics are often administered to cover potential intestinal
perforation.
◉ imaging ingested FB. Answer: A single frontal radiograph that
includes the neck, chest, and entire abdomen is usually sufficient to
locate the object. Esophageal objects should be precisely located
with frontal and lateral chest radiographs. Coins in the esophagus
are usually seen on the frontal view, whereas tracheal coins are
more often seen from the side view
◉ esophageal foreign bodies. Answer: must be removed, considered
obstruction
◉ management lower GI tract or stomach. Answer: Most can be left
to pass through GI system. Sharp items must be removed- and
button batteries.
◉ symptoms appendicitis. Answer: • Pain: Initially poorly defined
periumbilical pain (earliest sign); acute onset of severe pain is not
typical of acute appendicitis. A shifting of pain to the RLQ may occur
after a few hours and becomes more intense, continuous, and
localized.
• Nausea and vomiting: Typically occurs after pain; however, in
retrocecal appendicitis, this may be reversed. In gastroenteritis,
vomiting precedes the pain.
,• Anorexia occurs (although up to 50% of children state that they
are hungry).
• Stool is low volume with mucus; diarrhea is atypical but can occur
especially after perforation (gastroenteritis has high-volume, watery
stools).
• Fever is neither sensitive nor specific for appendicitis; many
children present as afebrile or with low-grade fever. High fever may
be associated with perforation.
◉ physical exam appendicitis. Answer: • RLQ pain, pain over
McBurney's pt
• Heel-drop jarring test
• Positive psoas sign or obturator sign (or both).
• Rovsing sign or rebound tenderness
• Tenderness and possibly a mass (abscess) on the right side on
rectal examination.
◉ highest accuracy in diagnosis appendicitis. Answer: CT
◉ complications appendicitis. Answer: Perforation, peritonitis,
pelvic abscess, ileus, obstruction, sepsis, shock, and death can occur
◉ colic definition. Answer: Colic is defined as crying for no apparent
reason that lasts for 3 hours or more per day and occurs 3 days or
, more per week in an otherwise healthy infant younger than 3
months of age
◉ management colic with probiotics. Answer: No studies have
shown any benefit
◉ treatment for colic. Answer: • Relieve parental stress with the
reassurance that crying will stop
• Trial of background noise
• Rocking the baby (not shaking)
• no colic meds
• anti-gas meds are helpful for gas, not colic
• no need to change formula
◉ urine culture should be done when. Answer: urine sample positive
for nitrites or leukocyte esterase if the child has symptoms of UTI,
the risk criteria for UTIs are met, or the child has a high fever
without a source
◉ enuresis diagnosis. Answer: According to the ICCS a diagnosis of
enuresis requires a minimum age of 5 years old, and one episode a
month for a duration of 3 months.
MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PREP
◉ diagnosis of intussusception. Answer: ultrasound is gold standard
◉ Dance sign. Answer: Sausage like mass in RUQ with emptiness in
RLQ (intussusception)
◉ Physical exam intussusception. Answer: • Observe the infant's
appearance and behavior over a period of time; often the child
appears glassy-eyed and groggy between episodes, almost as if
sedated.
• Dance sign
• The abdomen is often distended and tender to palpation.
• Grossly bloody or guaiac-positive stools.
◉ Management intussusception. Answer: • Radiologic reduction
using a therapeutic air contrast enema under fluoroscopy is the gold
standard.
• Surgery is necessary if perforation, peritonitis, or hypovolemic
shock is suspected or radiologic reduction fails.
,• IV antibiotics are often administered to cover potential intestinal
perforation.
◉ imaging ingested FB. Answer: A single frontal radiograph that
includes the neck, chest, and entire abdomen is usually sufficient to
locate the object. Esophageal objects should be precisely located
with frontal and lateral chest radiographs. Coins in the esophagus
are usually seen on the frontal view, whereas tracheal coins are
more often seen from the side view
◉ esophageal foreign bodies. Answer: must be removed, considered
obstruction
◉ management lower GI tract or stomach. Answer: Most can be left
to pass through GI system. Sharp items must be removed- and
button batteries.
◉ symptoms appendicitis. Answer: • Pain: Initially poorly defined
periumbilical pain (earliest sign); acute onset of severe pain is not
typical of acute appendicitis. A shifting of pain to the RLQ may occur
after a few hours and becomes more intense, continuous, and
localized.
• Nausea and vomiting: Typically occurs after pain; however, in
retrocecal appendicitis, this may be reversed. In gastroenteritis,
vomiting precedes the pain.
,• Anorexia occurs (although up to 50% of children state that they
are hungry).
• Stool is low volume with mucus; diarrhea is atypical but can occur
especially after perforation (gastroenteritis has high-volume, watery
stools).
• Fever is neither sensitive nor specific for appendicitis; many
children present as afebrile or with low-grade fever. High fever may
be associated with perforation.
◉ physical exam appendicitis. Answer: • RLQ pain, pain over
McBurney's pt
• Heel-drop jarring test
• Positive psoas sign or obturator sign (or both).
• Rovsing sign or rebound tenderness
• Tenderness and possibly a mass (abscess) on the right side on
rectal examination.
◉ highest accuracy in diagnosis appendicitis. Answer: CT
◉ complications appendicitis. Answer: Perforation, peritonitis,
pelvic abscess, ileus, obstruction, sepsis, shock, and death can occur
◉ colic definition. Answer: Colic is defined as crying for no apparent
reason that lasts for 3 hours or more per day and occurs 3 days or
, more per week in an otherwise healthy infant younger than 3
months of age
◉ management colic with probiotics. Answer: No studies have
shown any benefit
◉ treatment for colic. Answer: • Relieve parental stress with the
reassurance that crying will stop
• Trial of background noise
• Rocking the baby (not shaking)
• no colic meds
• anti-gas meds are helpful for gas, not colic
• no need to change formula
◉ urine culture should be done when. Answer: urine sample positive
for nitrites or leukocyte esterase if the child has symptoms of UTI,
the risk criteria for UTIs are met, or the child has a high fever
without a source
◉ enuresis diagnosis. Answer: According to the ICCS a diagnosis of
enuresis requires a minimum age of 5 years old, and one episode a
month for a duration of 3 months.
