PNR 309 - CAD, PAD, MI, Stroke, TIA,
Diabetes, Visual and Auditory Disorders,
Neurological disorders FINAL Exam
Questions and Answers (Latest Update
2026)
The nurse is scheduling a client for a cardiac catheterization. The
client has type 2 diabetes and takes metformin. Which action will
the nurse take prior to scheduling the procedure?
a. The nurse will instruct the client to have a fasting A1C snd
glucose tolerence test prior to the procedure
b. The nurse will instruct the client to eat low carbohydrate diet
three days prior to the procedure
c. The nurse will instruct the client to hold the metformin for 24
hours before the procedure and 48 hours after the procedure
d. The nurse instructs the client to take all medications the morning
of the procedure but not eat or drink afterwards. -
correct answer ✅c. The nurse will instruct the client to hold the
metformin for 24 hours before the procedure and 48 hours after
the procedure
Rationale:
Metformin is an oral antidiabetic medication used for treatment of
diabetes mellitus type 2, when lifestyle changes and weight loss has
not adequately lowered the blood glucose. The nurse should teach
,PNR 309 - CAD, PAD, MI, Stroke, TIA,
Diabetes, Visual and Auditory Disorders,
Neurological disorders FINAL Exam
Questions and Answers (Latest Update
2026)
the client to hold the metformin for 24 hours before the procedure
and 48 hours after any procedure. This is due to the risk of lactic
acidosis associated with the combination of anesthesia and/or
contrast medium with metformin. The contrast medium may affect
kidney function, and metformin in the system may increase risk of
lactic acidosis. Holding the drug 24 hours prior and 48 hours
following the procedure will minimize complications.
- nstructing the client to have a fasting A1C and glucose tolerance
test prior to the procedure is not necessary nor the priority.
- although eating a low-carbohydrate, 1800-calorie American
Diabetic Association diet is always important for a diabetic, the
most important action for the nurse to take is teaching how to take
metformin.
The nurse is caring for a young adult client following a balloon
valvuloplasty of the aortic valve. During the post-procedure
assessment, the nurse monitors for which complications related to
valvuloplasty? Select all that apply.
,PNR 309 - CAD, PAD, MI, Stroke, TIA,
Diabetes, Visual and Auditory Disorders,
Neurological disorders FINAL Exam
Questions and Answers (Latest Update
2026)
a. Sudden cardiac arrhythmia
b. Emboli
c. Sudden mental status changes
d. Redness near the radial vein access site
e. Stroke -
correct answer ✅a. Sudden cardiac arrhythmia
b. Emboli
c. Sudden mental status changes
e. Stroke
Complication of valvuloplasty is a sudden cardiac arrhythmia such
as atrial fibrillation and heart block are risk factors, along with
emboli. Therefore, coagulation therapy may be required
postoperatively. Sudden mental status changes such as delirium
may occur following post-procedure which may result from higher
microembolic load, neuroinflammation in the brain, cerebral
hypoperfusion, and alteration of cerebral acetylcholine levels.
Nursing actions should include frequent reorientation strategies
and neuro assessments immediately post-operatively.
, PNR 309 - CAD, PAD, MI, Stroke, TIA,
Diabetes, Visual and Auditory Disorders,
Neurological disorders FINAL Exam
Questions and Answers (Latest Update
2026)
- redness near the venous access site is incorrect since the access is
arterial not venous. The most common site is the femoral artery.
The nurse received report from the cardiac catheterization team
following a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedure.
During the assessment, the nurse notices a blood-soaked dressing
and bleeding from the femoral artery access site. What action
should the nurse perform first?
a. Add another dressing layer on top of the saturated dressing.
b. Raise the leg and place the client in trendelenberg position
c. Call for help and apply pressure to the site immediately
d. Immediately pull on the femoral sheath until it is out of the
femoral site. -
correct answer ✅c. Call for help and apply pressure to the site
immediately
Rationale:
Diabetes, Visual and Auditory Disorders,
Neurological disorders FINAL Exam
Questions and Answers (Latest Update
2026)
The nurse is scheduling a client for a cardiac catheterization. The
client has type 2 diabetes and takes metformin. Which action will
the nurse take prior to scheduling the procedure?
a. The nurse will instruct the client to have a fasting A1C snd
glucose tolerence test prior to the procedure
b. The nurse will instruct the client to eat low carbohydrate diet
three days prior to the procedure
c. The nurse will instruct the client to hold the metformin for 24
hours before the procedure and 48 hours after the procedure
d. The nurse instructs the client to take all medications the morning
of the procedure but not eat or drink afterwards. -
correct answer ✅c. The nurse will instruct the client to hold the
metformin for 24 hours before the procedure and 48 hours after
the procedure
Rationale:
Metformin is an oral antidiabetic medication used for treatment of
diabetes mellitus type 2, when lifestyle changes and weight loss has
not adequately lowered the blood glucose. The nurse should teach
,PNR 309 - CAD, PAD, MI, Stroke, TIA,
Diabetes, Visual and Auditory Disorders,
Neurological disorders FINAL Exam
Questions and Answers (Latest Update
2026)
the client to hold the metformin for 24 hours before the procedure
and 48 hours after any procedure. This is due to the risk of lactic
acidosis associated with the combination of anesthesia and/or
contrast medium with metformin. The contrast medium may affect
kidney function, and metformin in the system may increase risk of
lactic acidosis. Holding the drug 24 hours prior and 48 hours
following the procedure will minimize complications.
- nstructing the client to have a fasting A1C and glucose tolerance
test prior to the procedure is not necessary nor the priority.
- although eating a low-carbohydrate, 1800-calorie American
Diabetic Association diet is always important for a diabetic, the
most important action for the nurse to take is teaching how to take
metformin.
The nurse is caring for a young adult client following a balloon
valvuloplasty of the aortic valve. During the post-procedure
assessment, the nurse monitors for which complications related to
valvuloplasty? Select all that apply.
,PNR 309 - CAD, PAD, MI, Stroke, TIA,
Diabetes, Visual and Auditory Disorders,
Neurological disorders FINAL Exam
Questions and Answers (Latest Update
2026)
a. Sudden cardiac arrhythmia
b. Emboli
c. Sudden mental status changes
d. Redness near the radial vein access site
e. Stroke -
correct answer ✅a. Sudden cardiac arrhythmia
b. Emboli
c. Sudden mental status changes
e. Stroke
Complication of valvuloplasty is a sudden cardiac arrhythmia such
as atrial fibrillation and heart block are risk factors, along with
emboli. Therefore, coagulation therapy may be required
postoperatively. Sudden mental status changes such as delirium
may occur following post-procedure which may result from higher
microembolic load, neuroinflammation in the brain, cerebral
hypoperfusion, and alteration of cerebral acetylcholine levels.
Nursing actions should include frequent reorientation strategies
and neuro assessments immediately post-operatively.
, PNR 309 - CAD, PAD, MI, Stroke, TIA,
Diabetes, Visual and Auditory Disorders,
Neurological disorders FINAL Exam
Questions and Answers (Latest Update
2026)
- redness near the venous access site is incorrect since the access is
arterial not venous. The most common site is the femoral artery.
The nurse received report from the cardiac catheterization team
following a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedure.
During the assessment, the nurse notices a blood-soaked dressing
and bleeding from the femoral artery access site. What action
should the nurse perform first?
a. Add another dressing layer on top of the saturated dressing.
b. Raise the leg and place the client in trendelenberg position
c. Call for help and apply pressure to the site immediately
d. Immediately pull on the femoral sheath until it is out of the
femoral site. -
correct answer ✅c. Call for help and apply pressure to the site
immediately
Rationale:
