A&P Kassebaum 240A Final Exam
Questions with Complete Solutions
2025-2026 Updated.
Physiology - Answer body function and maintenance of homeostasis
homeostasis - Answer constant internal environment through regulatory processes
levels of organization - Answer cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
cells - Answer smallest unit of life. multicellular
tissues - Answer specialized groups of cells/cell products that perform specific functions
organs - Answer groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function
organ system - Answer group of organs that work together for a common purpose
organisms - Answer highest level of organization
components of homeostasis regulatory mechanism - Answer homeostatsis disturbed,
stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, restored
homeostasis control - Answer maintains normal range around set point
negative feedback - Answer effector opposes original stimulus, reverses or minimizes change
positive feedback - Answer response to stimulus reinforces original change with extreme
response. does not restore homeostasis.
prone position - Answer face down
supine position - Answer face up
,standard anatomical positon - Answer standing up, hands at the sides, palms facing forward,
feet together facing forward
frontal plane - Answer divides anterior from posterior
sagittal plane - Answer divides right from left
midsagittal plane - Answer equal right and left sides
parasagittal plane - Answer unequal right and left sides
transverse plane - Answer divides superior from inferior
viscera cavities - Answer organs partially closed or totally enclosed by body cavities. pleura
(lungs), pericardium (heart), peritoneal (GI tract)
thoracic cavity - Answer 2 pleural, pericardual w/ mediastinum
abdominopelvic cavity - Answer peritoneal, abdominal, pelvic
cranial cavity - Answer brain
vertebral cavity - Answer spinal cord
dorsal body cavity - Answer cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
ventral body cavity - Answer thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
cell theory - Answer 1. building blocks of tissues, organsim, 2. form from division of pre-
existing cells, 3. smallest living units
cell coopertation - Answer maintains homeostasis on all levels
body fluid distribution - Answer extracellular (outside), intracellular (inside), interstitial
(directly outside of cell)
, plasma membrane function - Answer entry of ions and nutrients, structural support,
elimination of wastes, release of secretions, cell communication
plasma membrane composition - Answer phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, proteins,
glycocalyx (carbohydrate)
plasma mebrane proteins - Answer integral proteins, peripheral proteins
integral proteins - Answer transmembrane proteins that can transport molecules into and
out of the cell
peripheral proteins - Answer on inner and outer surfaces of the plasma membrane, have
regulatory and emzymatic functions
microvilli structure - Answer finger-like membrane extensions containing microfilaments, not
mobile, found on small intestine
microvilli function - Answer increase surface area for absorption
cytoskelton structure and components - Answer provides internal protein framework, fine
filaments or tubes, centrosomes (with centrioles),microfilaments, intermediate filaments,
microtubules
cytoskeleton function - Answer gives cytoplasm strength and flexibility, moves cellular
structures and materials within the cell
microfilaments - Answer mostly composed of actin, common at periphery
intermediate filaments - Answer cells under mechanical stress, give strength
microtubules - Answer hollow tubes, intracellular transport, chromosome migration
centrioles - Answer help with DNA movement during cell division, composed of microtubules
cilia - Answer long, slender plasma membrane extensions, help with movement of materials
past cells
Questions with Complete Solutions
2025-2026 Updated.
Physiology - Answer body function and maintenance of homeostasis
homeostasis - Answer constant internal environment through regulatory processes
levels of organization - Answer cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
cells - Answer smallest unit of life. multicellular
tissues - Answer specialized groups of cells/cell products that perform specific functions
organs - Answer groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function
organ system - Answer group of organs that work together for a common purpose
organisms - Answer highest level of organization
components of homeostasis regulatory mechanism - Answer homeostatsis disturbed,
stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, restored
homeostasis control - Answer maintains normal range around set point
negative feedback - Answer effector opposes original stimulus, reverses or minimizes change
positive feedback - Answer response to stimulus reinforces original change with extreme
response. does not restore homeostasis.
prone position - Answer face down
supine position - Answer face up
,standard anatomical positon - Answer standing up, hands at the sides, palms facing forward,
feet together facing forward
frontal plane - Answer divides anterior from posterior
sagittal plane - Answer divides right from left
midsagittal plane - Answer equal right and left sides
parasagittal plane - Answer unequal right and left sides
transverse plane - Answer divides superior from inferior
viscera cavities - Answer organs partially closed or totally enclosed by body cavities. pleura
(lungs), pericardium (heart), peritoneal (GI tract)
thoracic cavity - Answer 2 pleural, pericardual w/ mediastinum
abdominopelvic cavity - Answer peritoneal, abdominal, pelvic
cranial cavity - Answer brain
vertebral cavity - Answer spinal cord
dorsal body cavity - Answer cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
ventral body cavity - Answer thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
cell theory - Answer 1. building blocks of tissues, organsim, 2. form from division of pre-
existing cells, 3. smallest living units
cell coopertation - Answer maintains homeostasis on all levels
body fluid distribution - Answer extracellular (outside), intracellular (inside), interstitial
(directly outside of cell)
, plasma membrane function - Answer entry of ions and nutrients, structural support,
elimination of wastes, release of secretions, cell communication
plasma membrane composition - Answer phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, proteins,
glycocalyx (carbohydrate)
plasma mebrane proteins - Answer integral proteins, peripheral proteins
integral proteins - Answer transmembrane proteins that can transport molecules into and
out of the cell
peripheral proteins - Answer on inner and outer surfaces of the plasma membrane, have
regulatory and emzymatic functions
microvilli structure - Answer finger-like membrane extensions containing microfilaments, not
mobile, found on small intestine
microvilli function - Answer increase surface area for absorption
cytoskelton structure and components - Answer provides internal protein framework, fine
filaments or tubes, centrosomes (with centrioles),microfilaments, intermediate filaments,
microtubules
cytoskeleton function - Answer gives cytoplasm strength and flexibility, moves cellular
structures and materials within the cell
microfilaments - Answer mostly composed of actin, common at periphery
intermediate filaments - Answer cells under mechanical stress, give strength
microtubules - Answer hollow tubes, intracellular transport, chromosome migration
centrioles - Answer help with DNA movement during cell division, composed of microtubules
cilia - Answer long, slender plasma membrane extensions, help with movement of materials
past cells
