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Introduction to Psychology (EPS/PSY 101): Complete
Exam Study Guide – Questions 200 with Verified
Rationales | 2025-2026 Academic Year
SECTION 1: WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? – HISTORY & PERSPECTIVES
Q1. Psychology is formally defined as the:
A. Study of the brain and nervous system
B. Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
C. Study of unconscious motives and conflicts
D. Art of counseling and psychotherapy
☑CORRECT ANSWER: B
Rationale: Psychology is the scientific study of behavior (observable actions) and mental
processes (thoughts, feelings, perceptions) . This definition distinguishes psychology from
philosophy and emphasizes its scientific basis.
Q2. Who established the first experimental psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879?
A. Sigmund Freud
B. Wilhelm Wundt
C. William James
D. John B. Watson
☑CORRECT ANSWER: B
Rationale: Wilhelm Wundt is credited as the "father of psychology" for establishing the first
laboratory dedicated to psychological research in 1879, marking psychology's emergence as an
independent scientific discipline.
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Q3. The school of psychology that focused on identifying the basic elements (structures) of
conscious experience through introspection was:
A. Functionalism
B. Behaviorism
C. Structuralism
D. Psychoanalysis
☑CORRECT ANSWER: C
Rationale: Structuralism, led by Edward Titchener (a student of Wundt), aimed to analyze the
mind's structure by breaking down conscious experience into basic elements (sensations,
feelings, images) using introspection.
Q4. William James and John Dewey were associated with which school of psychology that
emphasized the purpose and adaptive function of consciousness?
A. Structuralism
B. Functionalism
C. Gestalt psychology
D. Psychoanalysis
☑CORRECT ANSWER: B
Rationale: Functionalism, influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution, focused on how mental
processes help organisms adapt to their environment and function in daily life.
Q5. "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" reflects the core principle of which
psychological perspective?
A. Behaviorism
B. Structuralism
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C. Gestalt psychology
D. Psychoanalysis
☑CORRECT ANSWER: C
Rationale: Gestalt psychologists argued that perception cannot be reduced to individual
elements; the mind organizes sensory information into meaningful wholes or patterns.
Q6. Which perspective in psychology emphasizes unconscious drives, early childhood
experiences, and conflicts between the id, ego, and superego?
A. Humanistic psychology
B. Behaviorism
C. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic perspective
D. Cognitive psychology
☑CORRECT ANSWER: C
Rationale: Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposes that unconscious motives,
repressed memories, and childhood experiences shape personality and behavior.
Q7. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner are most associated with which perspective that focuses
only on observable behavior?
A. Humanism
B. Cognitive psychology
C. Behaviorism
D. Evolutionary psychology
☑CORRECT ANSWER: C
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Rationale: Behaviorism, founded by Watson and later developed by Skinner, asserts that
psychology should study only observable, measurable behavior and that all behavior is learned
through conditioning.
Q8. The humanistic perspective, associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow,
emphasizes:
A. Unconscious sexual and aggressive drives
B. Free will, self-actualization, and the inherent goodness of people
C. The role of reinforcement and punishment
D. The biological basis of behavior
☑CORRECT ANSWER: B
Rationale: Humanistic psychology emerged as a reaction to behaviorism and psychoanalysis,
focusing on human potential, subjective experience, free will, and the drive toward self-
actualization .
Q9. The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on:
A. Observable behavior only
B. Unconscious conflicts
C. Mental processes such as memory, thinking, problem-solving, and language
D. The role of genetics and brain chemistry
☑CORRECT ANSWER: C
Rationale: Cognitive psychology studies internal mental processes, including how people
perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems .
Introduction to Psychology (EPS/PSY 101): Complete
Exam Study Guide – Questions 200 with Verified
Rationales | 2025-2026 Academic Year
SECTION 1: WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? – HISTORY & PERSPECTIVES
Q1. Psychology is formally defined as the:
A. Study of the brain and nervous system
B. Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
C. Study of unconscious motives and conflicts
D. Art of counseling and psychotherapy
☑CORRECT ANSWER: B
Rationale: Psychology is the scientific study of behavior (observable actions) and mental
processes (thoughts, feelings, perceptions) . This definition distinguishes psychology from
philosophy and emphasizes its scientific basis.
Q2. Who established the first experimental psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879?
A. Sigmund Freud
B. Wilhelm Wundt
C. William James
D. John B. Watson
☑CORRECT ANSWER: B
Rationale: Wilhelm Wundt is credited as the "father of psychology" for establishing the first
laboratory dedicated to psychological research in 1879, marking psychology's emergence as an
independent scientific discipline.
, 2
Q3. The school of psychology that focused on identifying the basic elements (structures) of
conscious experience through introspection was:
A. Functionalism
B. Behaviorism
C. Structuralism
D. Psychoanalysis
☑CORRECT ANSWER: C
Rationale: Structuralism, led by Edward Titchener (a student of Wundt), aimed to analyze the
mind's structure by breaking down conscious experience into basic elements (sensations,
feelings, images) using introspection.
Q4. William James and John Dewey were associated with which school of psychology that
emphasized the purpose and adaptive function of consciousness?
A. Structuralism
B. Functionalism
C. Gestalt psychology
D. Psychoanalysis
☑CORRECT ANSWER: B
Rationale: Functionalism, influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution, focused on how mental
processes help organisms adapt to their environment and function in daily life.
Q5. "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" reflects the core principle of which
psychological perspective?
A. Behaviorism
B. Structuralism
, 3
C. Gestalt psychology
D. Psychoanalysis
☑CORRECT ANSWER: C
Rationale: Gestalt psychologists argued that perception cannot be reduced to individual
elements; the mind organizes sensory information into meaningful wholes or patterns.
Q6. Which perspective in psychology emphasizes unconscious drives, early childhood
experiences, and conflicts between the id, ego, and superego?
A. Humanistic psychology
B. Behaviorism
C. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic perspective
D. Cognitive psychology
☑CORRECT ANSWER: C
Rationale: Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposes that unconscious motives,
repressed memories, and childhood experiences shape personality and behavior.
Q7. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner are most associated with which perspective that focuses
only on observable behavior?
A. Humanism
B. Cognitive psychology
C. Behaviorism
D. Evolutionary psychology
☑CORRECT ANSWER: C
, 4
Rationale: Behaviorism, founded by Watson and later developed by Skinner, asserts that
psychology should study only observable, measurable behavior and that all behavior is learned
through conditioning.
Q8. The humanistic perspective, associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow,
emphasizes:
A. Unconscious sexual and aggressive drives
B. Free will, self-actualization, and the inherent goodness of people
C. The role of reinforcement and punishment
D. The biological basis of behavior
☑CORRECT ANSWER: B
Rationale: Humanistic psychology emerged as a reaction to behaviorism and psychoanalysis,
focusing on human potential, subjective experience, free will, and the drive toward self-
actualization .
Q9. The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on:
A. Observable behavior only
B. Unconscious conflicts
C. Mental processes such as memory, thinking, problem-solving, and language
D. The role of genetics and brain chemistry
☑CORRECT ANSWER: C
Rationale: Cognitive psychology studies internal mental processes, including how people
perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems .
