NSG 5003 Week 10 Final Review 2026 –
Pathophysiology Study Guide
Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-mediated apoptosis and
complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug therapy for which human diseases? - correct
answers -Autoimmune and malignant disorders
Why is it possible for potassium to diffuse easily into and out of cells? - correct answers -The resting
plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium
The loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia causes cells to - correct answers -swell
because of the influx of sodium chloride
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases - correct answers -
Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease
Free Radicals cause cell damage by: - correct answers -Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the
chemical bonds of the cell membrane
What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria? - correct answers -Influx of
calcium ions halts ATP production.
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury? - correct answers -
Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis.
1
,Which statement is a description of the characteristics of apoptosis? - correct answers -Programmed
cell death of scattered, single cells
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, an increase in the osmotic pressure occurs within the cell because -
correct answers -Sodium chloride enters the cell
What physiologic change occurs during heat exhaustion? - correct answers -Hemoconcentration occurs
because of the loss of salt and water.
In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because - correct answers -ATP is
insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell.
What is the cause of free calcium in the cytosol that damages cell membranes by uncontrolled enzyme
activation? - correct answers -Depletion of ATP normally pumps calcium from the cell.
What is the single most common cause of cellular injury? - correct answers -Hypoxic injury
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because - correct answers -
The pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in ATP levels.
Current research has determined that chemical-induced cellular injury: - correct answers -Is often the
result of the damage caused by reactive free radicals.
A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve
impulses is the ratio between - correct answers -Intracellular and extracellular K+
2
, During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen
ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte? - correct answers -Potassium
Causes of hyperkalemia include: - correct answers -Renal failure and Addison disease
In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cells' resting membrane potential? - correct answers -
Hypopolarization
The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances? - correct answers -
Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D
It is true that Kussmaul respirations indicate: - correct answers -A compensatory measure is needed to
correct metabolic acidosis.
Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance? - correct answers -Hypocalcemia
An excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids can result in: -
correct answers -Hypophosphatemia
The most common cause of hypermagnesemia is: - correct answers -Renal failure
The existence of hyperkalemia is likely to result in which changes to a person's electrocardiogram (ECG)?
- correct answers -Peaked T waves
Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by
neutrophils and macrophages? - correct answers -Complement cascade
3
Pathophysiology Study Guide
Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-mediated apoptosis and
complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug therapy for which human diseases? - correct
answers -Autoimmune and malignant disorders
Why is it possible for potassium to diffuse easily into and out of cells? - correct answers -The resting
plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium
The loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia causes cells to - correct answers -swell
because of the influx of sodium chloride
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases - correct answers -
Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease
Free Radicals cause cell damage by: - correct answers -Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the
chemical bonds of the cell membrane
What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria? - correct answers -Influx of
calcium ions halts ATP production.
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury? - correct answers -
Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis.
1
,Which statement is a description of the characteristics of apoptosis? - correct answers -Programmed
cell death of scattered, single cells
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, an increase in the osmotic pressure occurs within the cell because -
correct answers -Sodium chloride enters the cell
What physiologic change occurs during heat exhaustion? - correct answers -Hemoconcentration occurs
because of the loss of salt and water.
In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because - correct answers -ATP is
insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell.
What is the cause of free calcium in the cytosol that damages cell membranes by uncontrolled enzyme
activation? - correct answers -Depletion of ATP normally pumps calcium from the cell.
What is the single most common cause of cellular injury? - correct answers -Hypoxic injury
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because - correct answers -
The pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in ATP levels.
Current research has determined that chemical-induced cellular injury: - correct answers -Is often the
result of the damage caused by reactive free radicals.
A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve
impulses is the ratio between - correct answers -Intracellular and extracellular K+
2
, During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen
ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte? - correct answers -Potassium
Causes of hyperkalemia include: - correct answers -Renal failure and Addison disease
In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cells' resting membrane potential? - correct answers -
Hypopolarization
The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances? - correct answers -
Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D
It is true that Kussmaul respirations indicate: - correct answers -A compensatory measure is needed to
correct metabolic acidosis.
Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance? - correct answers -Hypocalcemia
An excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids can result in: -
correct answers -Hypophosphatemia
The most common cause of hypermagnesemia is: - correct answers -Renal failure
The existence of hyperkalemia is likely to result in which changes to a person's electrocardiogram (ECG)?
- correct answers -Peaked T waves
Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by
neutrophils and macrophages? - correct answers -Complement cascade
3
