CSD 315 Final Exam Study Guide – comprehensive revision notes and exam
preparation material
When a child's error patterns include errors of place, voice, and manner, it is recommended that
therapists: - ✔✔utilize exemplars from each category in treatment
A clinician who is working with a child with comorbid speech and language disorders would be
inclined to use a _______ approach. - ✔✔whole language
The naturalistic approach focuses on improving: - ✔✔intelligibility
A whole-language approach to treatment focuses on: - ✔✔including phonology and the other
4 areas of language in therapy
A child is able to produce /s/ in "mask" but cannot produce /s/ in "swim, sun, bus". The
approach that should be used to establish the /s/ sound is: - ✔✔contextual utilization
Childhood apraxia of speech is primarily a disorder of what two areas? - ✔✔Planning and
coordination
The three categories of motor learning principles are: - ✔✔prepractice goals, principles of
practice, and principles of feedback
The use of Non-Speech Oral Motor Exercises (NS-OME) during clinical practice is controversial
because: - ✔✔their effectiveness has not been empirically demonstrated but they are still
being used
,Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) can be defined as: - ✔✔the conscientious, explicit, and
unbiased use of current best research results in making decisions about the care of individual
clients
"Same structures used for speaking, eating, breathing, etc. function differently for each of
these: Same structures, but different function." This is an example of: - ✔✔task specificity
Listed below are some ways you can tell if something is pseudoscientific. Which one statement
is NOT a way to distinguish science from pseudoscience? - ✔✔Clinicians knowingly change
data about the outcomes
What is thought to be the greatest specific source of errors in speech production observed in
children with CAS? - ✔✔Difficulty with the rapid transition of the articulators resulting in lack
of precision with articulatory placement
In the absence of a true gold standard, how should you diagnose CAS in your clinical practice? -
✔✔Establish local consensus or determine personal protocol based on current best evidence
Reasons why SLPs should know what is typical of speech sound acquisition - ✔✔Referral,
assessment, analysis, diagnosis, selecting intervention targets, intervention, discharge
Phonetics - ✔✔study of how speech sounds are produced and perceived
Phonology - ✔✔study of the structure and systematic patterning of sounds within a language
Traditional/behaviorist models (watson/skinner/pavlov) - ✔✔describe observable behaviors in
children and how the environment affects them
babies produce the sounds the do because they imitate sounds they hear and receive positive
reinforcement
,Consequences in traditional/behaviorist models can be ___ or ___, and ___ or ___ -
✔✔positive, negative, reinforcements, consequences
Criticisms of traditional/behaviorist models - ✔✔kids actually learn language faster than they
could if it was all based on stimulus-response mechanisms, kids usually don't receive this kind of
feedback in regular life
Linguistic models - ✔✔describe patterns, structures, and contexts for articulation development
Generative phonology (Chomsky) - ✔✔a type of linguistic model that focuses on transforming
underlying representations into surface forms using language specific rules
Criticisms of generative phonology - ✔✔we don't know if a child's underlying representation is
adultlike or if we actually apply rules in our head when producing/comprehending language
Natural phonology (Stampe) - ✔✔a type of linguistic model that focuses on the idea that kids'
underlying forms are like those of adults and innate processes transform them into the child's
surface forms
Intervention techniques in natural phonology involve teaching kids to ___ innate simplification
processes - ✔✔suppress
Nonlinear phonology (Goldsmith) - ✔✔a type of linguistic model that focuses on the idea that
there is a hierarchical relationship between phonological units
speech production involves the coordination of word/articulatory features
Nonlinear phonology takes into account that speech production is more than just ___ -
✔✔producing a sequence of phonemes
, Prosodic tier - ✔✔a tier in the nonlinear phonology hierarchy that includes words and
structures of words
Segmental tier - ✔✔a tier in the nonlinear phonology hierarchy that includes each individual
segment (letter/phoneme)
Nonlinear phonology gives us the concept that there is a link between ___ and ___ -
✔✔segments, suprasegmentals
Nonlinear phonology has the view that development is ___ - ✔✔progressive/additive
Optimality theory - ✔✔reranking constraints of speech to match adult constraints
Faithfulness constraint - ✔✔a constraint in the optimality theory that preserves features in
order to prohibit behaviors like deletion and addition
Markedness constraint - ✔✔a constraint in the optimality theory that limits what sounds can
be produced
In the optimality theory, adultlike production is achieved by promoting ___ and demoting ___ -
✔✔faithfulness, markedness
Sonority hypothesis - ✔✔words are organized by the relative sonority of their segments
According to the sonority hypothesis, kids change their productions to achieve a maximal ___ in
sonority and a minimal ___ in sonority - ✔✔rise, fall
The sonority hypothesis is used to analyze ___ - ✔✔phonological awareness ( Rhyme
knowledge, Blending and segmentation, Manipulation)
preparation material
When a child's error patterns include errors of place, voice, and manner, it is recommended that
therapists: - ✔✔utilize exemplars from each category in treatment
A clinician who is working with a child with comorbid speech and language disorders would be
inclined to use a _______ approach. - ✔✔whole language
The naturalistic approach focuses on improving: - ✔✔intelligibility
A whole-language approach to treatment focuses on: - ✔✔including phonology and the other
4 areas of language in therapy
A child is able to produce /s/ in "mask" but cannot produce /s/ in "swim, sun, bus". The
approach that should be used to establish the /s/ sound is: - ✔✔contextual utilization
Childhood apraxia of speech is primarily a disorder of what two areas? - ✔✔Planning and
coordination
The three categories of motor learning principles are: - ✔✔prepractice goals, principles of
practice, and principles of feedback
The use of Non-Speech Oral Motor Exercises (NS-OME) during clinical practice is controversial
because: - ✔✔their effectiveness has not been empirically demonstrated but they are still
being used
,Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) can be defined as: - ✔✔the conscientious, explicit, and
unbiased use of current best research results in making decisions about the care of individual
clients
"Same structures used for speaking, eating, breathing, etc. function differently for each of
these: Same structures, but different function." This is an example of: - ✔✔task specificity
Listed below are some ways you can tell if something is pseudoscientific. Which one statement
is NOT a way to distinguish science from pseudoscience? - ✔✔Clinicians knowingly change
data about the outcomes
What is thought to be the greatest specific source of errors in speech production observed in
children with CAS? - ✔✔Difficulty with the rapid transition of the articulators resulting in lack
of precision with articulatory placement
In the absence of a true gold standard, how should you diagnose CAS in your clinical practice? -
✔✔Establish local consensus or determine personal protocol based on current best evidence
Reasons why SLPs should know what is typical of speech sound acquisition - ✔✔Referral,
assessment, analysis, diagnosis, selecting intervention targets, intervention, discharge
Phonetics - ✔✔study of how speech sounds are produced and perceived
Phonology - ✔✔study of the structure and systematic patterning of sounds within a language
Traditional/behaviorist models (watson/skinner/pavlov) - ✔✔describe observable behaviors in
children and how the environment affects them
babies produce the sounds the do because they imitate sounds they hear and receive positive
reinforcement
,Consequences in traditional/behaviorist models can be ___ or ___, and ___ or ___ -
✔✔positive, negative, reinforcements, consequences
Criticisms of traditional/behaviorist models - ✔✔kids actually learn language faster than they
could if it was all based on stimulus-response mechanisms, kids usually don't receive this kind of
feedback in regular life
Linguistic models - ✔✔describe patterns, structures, and contexts for articulation development
Generative phonology (Chomsky) - ✔✔a type of linguistic model that focuses on transforming
underlying representations into surface forms using language specific rules
Criticisms of generative phonology - ✔✔we don't know if a child's underlying representation is
adultlike or if we actually apply rules in our head when producing/comprehending language
Natural phonology (Stampe) - ✔✔a type of linguistic model that focuses on the idea that kids'
underlying forms are like those of adults and innate processes transform them into the child's
surface forms
Intervention techniques in natural phonology involve teaching kids to ___ innate simplification
processes - ✔✔suppress
Nonlinear phonology (Goldsmith) - ✔✔a type of linguistic model that focuses on the idea that
there is a hierarchical relationship between phonological units
speech production involves the coordination of word/articulatory features
Nonlinear phonology takes into account that speech production is more than just ___ -
✔✔producing a sequence of phonemes
, Prosodic tier - ✔✔a tier in the nonlinear phonology hierarchy that includes words and
structures of words
Segmental tier - ✔✔a tier in the nonlinear phonology hierarchy that includes each individual
segment (letter/phoneme)
Nonlinear phonology gives us the concept that there is a link between ___ and ___ -
✔✔segments, suprasegmentals
Nonlinear phonology has the view that development is ___ - ✔✔progressive/additive
Optimality theory - ✔✔reranking constraints of speech to match adult constraints
Faithfulness constraint - ✔✔a constraint in the optimality theory that preserves features in
order to prohibit behaviors like deletion and addition
Markedness constraint - ✔✔a constraint in the optimality theory that limits what sounds can
be produced
In the optimality theory, adultlike production is achieved by promoting ___ and demoting ___ -
✔✔faithfulness, markedness
Sonority hypothesis - ✔✔words are organized by the relative sonority of their segments
According to the sonority hypothesis, kids change their productions to achieve a maximal ___ in
sonority and a minimal ___ in sonority - ✔✔rise, fall
The sonority hypothesis is used to analyze ___ - ✔✔phonological awareness ( Rhyme
knowledge, Blending and segmentation, Manipulation)
