CSD Exam #3 (Chapters 5, 6, 12, 17) – study guide and practice exam preparation
material
Chapter 5 – Articulation and Phonological Disorders in Children
Key Terms and Definitions
Speech-sound disorders: An umbrella term for communication disorders that involve
difficulty in producing or using speech sounds correctly, encompassing both articulation
and phonological disorders.
Articulation disorder: Characterized by incorrect production of speech sounds due to
faulty placement, timing, pressure, or movement of articulators; primarily a motor-
based issue. Example: saying 'thoup' for 'soup'.
Phonological disorder: Involves patterned errors across multiple phonemes due to
simplified sound rules, indicating difficulty in learning linguistic sound rules. Example:
substituting all back sounds (/k/, /g/) with front ones (/t/, /d/).
Phonetics: The study of speech-sound production and the symbols used to represent
them, crucial for understanding articulation and phonological disorders.
Phoneme: The smallest unit of sound that can change meaning in a language, such as
the difference between 'bat' and 'pat'.
Vowels and Consonants: Vowels are voiced sounds made with unobstructed airflow,
while consonants are produced by stopping or restricting airflow, classified by place,
manner, and voicing.
Articulation vs. Phonological Disorders
Nature of Disorders: Articulation disorders are primarily motor production problems,
while phonological disorders are based on rule-based language patterns.
Types of Errors: Articulation errors typically involve single-sound distortions (e.g., lisping
on /s/), whereas phonological errors involve groups or patterns of errors (e.g.,
substituting all stops for fricatives).
Letters vs. Phonemes: There are 26 letters in the English alphabet but approximately 45
phonemes, highlighting the complexity of sound representation in language.
, International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA): A standardized system of symbols that
represents all speech sounds across languages, essential for accurate transcription and
analysis of speech.
Articulatory Features of Vowels: Vowels are characterized by being voiced and having
unobstructed airflow, distinguished by tongue height and advancement.
Examples of Consonant Classifications: Consonants can be classified by place (e.g., /p/
as bilabial), manner (e.g., stops like /p/ and /b/), and voicing (voiced /b/ vs. voiceless
/p/).
Etiologies and Assessment
Etiologies of Speech Disorders: Normal variation exists, but environmental factors can
impact speech development, including prenatal issues (e.g., maternal illness), perinatal
complications (e.g., hypoxia), and postnatal factors (e.g., hearing loss).
Common Articulation Error Types: Include substitution (e.g., 'tat' for 'cat'), omission
(e.g., 'cu' for 'cup'), distortion (e.g., lateralized /s/), and addition (e.g., 'puhlay' for 'play').
Phonological Processes: Common processes include cluster reduction, fronting,
stopping, final-consonant deletion, gliding, and unstressed-syllable deletion, which are
typical in speech development.
Assessment Techniques: Include hearing screenings, oral-mechanism exams to check
articulators, structured assessments, and stimulability testing, while considering dialect
differences.
Treatment Approaches: For articulation, focus on phonemic awareness and auditory
discrimination, progressing from isolation to conversation. For phonological disorders,
emphasize correcting error patterns and understanding distinctive features.
Chapters 6 + 17 – Motor Speech Disorders in Children & Adults
Key Terms and Definitions
Motor Speech Disorders: Impaired intelligibility due to neurological impairments
affecting planning, coordination, or strength of speech production.
Apraxia of Speech (AOS/CAS): A motor-planning deficit that affects articulation and
prosody without muscle weakness, leading to inconsistent speech errors.
Dysarthria: A speech disorder resulting from weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of
speech muscles, leading to distorted speech.
material
Chapter 5 – Articulation and Phonological Disorders in Children
Key Terms and Definitions
Speech-sound disorders: An umbrella term for communication disorders that involve
difficulty in producing or using speech sounds correctly, encompassing both articulation
and phonological disorders.
Articulation disorder: Characterized by incorrect production of speech sounds due to
faulty placement, timing, pressure, or movement of articulators; primarily a motor-
based issue. Example: saying 'thoup' for 'soup'.
Phonological disorder: Involves patterned errors across multiple phonemes due to
simplified sound rules, indicating difficulty in learning linguistic sound rules. Example:
substituting all back sounds (/k/, /g/) with front ones (/t/, /d/).
Phonetics: The study of speech-sound production and the symbols used to represent
them, crucial for understanding articulation and phonological disorders.
Phoneme: The smallest unit of sound that can change meaning in a language, such as
the difference between 'bat' and 'pat'.
Vowels and Consonants: Vowels are voiced sounds made with unobstructed airflow,
while consonants are produced by stopping or restricting airflow, classified by place,
manner, and voicing.
Articulation vs. Phonological Disorders
Nature of Disorders: Articulation disorders are primarily motor production problems,
while phonological disorders are based on rule-based language patterns.
Types of Errors: Articulation errors typically involve single-sound distortions (e.g., lisping
on /s/), whereas phonological errors involve groups or patterns of errors (e.g.,
substituting all stops for fricatives).
Letters vs. Phonemes: There are 26 letters in the English alphabet but approximately 45
phonemes, highlighting the complexity of sound representation in language.
, International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA): A standardized system of symbols that
represents all speech sounds across languages, essential for accurate transcription and
analysis of speech.
Articulatory Features of Vowels: Vowels are characterized by being voiced and having
unobstructed airflow, distinguished by tongue height and advancement.
Examples of Consonant Classifications: Consonants can be classified by place (e.g., /p/
as bilabial), manner (e.g., stops like /p/ and /b/), and voicing (voiced /b/ vs. voiceless
/p/).
Etiologies and Assessment
Etiologies of Speech Disorders: Normal variation exists, but environmental factors can
impact speech development, including prenatal issues (e.g., maternal illness), perinatal
complications (e.g., hypoxia), and postnatal factors (e.g., hearing loss).
Common Articulation Error Types: Include substitution (e.g., 'tat' for 'cat'), omission
(e.g., 'cu' for 'cup'), distortion (e.g., lateralized /s/), and addition (e.g., 'puhlay' for 'play').
Phonological Processes: Common processes include cluster reduction, fronting,
stopping, final-consonant deletion, gliding, and unstressed-syllable deletion, which are
typical in speech development.
Assessment Techniques: Include hearing screenings, oral-mechanism exams to check
articulators, structured assessments, and stimulability testing, while considering dialect
differences.
Treatment Approaches: For articulation, focus on phonemic awareness and auditory
discrimination, progressing from isolation to conversation. For phonological disorders,
emphasize correcting error patterns and understanding distinctive features.
Chapters 6 + 17 – Motor Speech Disorders in Children & Adults
Key Terms and Definitions
Motor Speech Disorders: Impaired intelligibility due to neurological impairments
affecting planning, coordination, or strength of speech production.
Apraxia of Speech (AOS/CAS): A motor-planning deficit that affects articulation and
prosody without muscle weakness, leading to inconsistent speech errors.
Dysarthria: A speech disorder resulting from weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of
speech muscles, leading to distorted speech.
