CSD 315 Exam 1 Study Guide – comprehensive revision notes and exam
preparation material
phonetics - correct answer ✔✔study of the speech sounds, their acoustic and perceptual
characteristics, and how they are produced by the speech organs
IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) - correct answer ✔✔alphabet used to represent the
sounds of the world's languages; created to promote a universal method of phonetic
transcription
phonology - correct answer ✔✔systematic organization of speech sounds in the production of
language; the study of the linguistic rules that specify the manner in which phonemes are
organized and combined into syllables, words, and sentences
dialect - correct answer ✔✔variation of speech or language based on geographic area, native
language background, or social or ethnic group membership
allographs - correct answer ✔✔different letters that represent the same sounds
ex: loop, through, fruit, canoe
convey, hate, steak, mail
allophone - correct answer ✔✔variant pronunciation/production of a phoneme
broad (phonemic) transcription - correct answer ✔✔makes little or no attempt to capture
allophonic variation
uses / /
,closed syllable - correct answer ✔✔syllable with a consonant phoneme in the final position
coda - correct answer ✔✔consonants that follow a vowel in any syllable; not all syllables have a
coda
complementary distribution - correct answer ✔✔allophone production that is tied to a
particular phonetic environment
consonant cluster - correct answer ✔✔two or three contiguous consonants in a syllable (e.g.,
strike, please, and leapt)
diacritic - correct answer ✔✔specialized phonetic symbol used in narrow transcription to
represent both allophonic production as well as suprasegmental features of speech
digraphs - correct answer ✔✔pairs of letters that represent one sound
-sh, ch, th
free variation - correct answer ✔✔Not influenced by phonetic environment
Based on speaker preference
E.g. released or unreleased /t/ or /p/
grapheme - correct answer ✔✔letters
, impressionistic transcription - correct answer ✔✔allophonic transcription of an unknown
speaker or an unknown language
minimal pairs - correct answer ✔✔Words that differ by only one phoneme (in the same position
of a word)
-Bed/red
-Hat/cat
-passed/last
-Hit/hat
-Hat/ham
bound morphemes - correct answer ✔✔Must be attached to another morpheme to carry
meaning
-Regular verb endings, prefixes, suffixes
free morphemes - correct answer ✔✔stand alone to carry meaning
morpheme - correct answer ✔✔Smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning
narrow (allophonic) transcription - correct answer ✔✔uses diacritics to reflect specific features
(or modifications) of phonemes during production.
[brackets]
indicate allophonic production and/or suprasegmental aspects of speech
nucleus - correct answer ✔✔the part of a syllable with the greatest acoustic energy; usually, but
not always, a vowel
preparation material
phonetics - correct answer ✔✔study of the speech sounds, their acoustic and perceptual
characteristics, and how they are produced by the speech organs
IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) - correct answer ✔✔alphabet used to represent the
sounds of the world's languages; created to promote a universal method of phonetic
transcription
phonology - correct answer ✔✔systematic organization of speech sounds in the production of
language; the study of the linguistic rules that specify the manner in which phonemes are
organized and combined into syllables, words, and sentences
dialect - correct answer ✔✔variation of speech or language based on geographic area, native
language background, or social or ethnic group membership
allographs - correct answer ✔✔different letters that represent the same sounds
ex: loop, through, fruit, canoe
convey, hate, steak, mail
allophone - correct answer ✔✔variant pronunciation/production of a phoneme
broad (phonemic) transcription - correct answer ✔✔makes little or no attempt to capture
allophonic variation
uses / /
,closed syllable - correct answer ✔✔syllable with a consonant phoneme in the final position
coda - correct answer ✔✔consonants that follow a vowel in any syllable; not all syllables have a
coda
complementary distribution - correct answer ✔✔allophone production that is tied to a
particular phonetic environment
consonant cluster - correct answer ✔✔two or three contiguous consonants in a syllable (e.g.,
strike, please, and leapt)
diacritic - correct answer ✔✔specialized phonetic symbol used in narrow transcription to
represent both allophonic production as well as suprasegmental features of speech
digraphs - correct answer ✔✔pairs of letters that represent one sound
-sh, ch, th
free variation - correct answer ✔✔Not influenced by phonetic environment
Based on speaker preference
E.g. released or unreleased /t/ or /p/
grapheme - correct answer ✔✔letters
, impressionistic transcription - correct answer ✔✔allophonic transcription of an unknown
speaker or an unknown language
minimal pairs - correct answer ✔✔Words that differ by only one phoneme (in the same position
of a word)
-Bed/red
-Hat/cat
-passed/last
-Hit/hat
-Hat/ham
bound morphemes - correct answer ✔✔Must be attached to another morpheme to carry
meaning
-Regular verb endings, prefixes, suffixes
free morphemes - correct answer ✔✔stand alone to carry meaning
morpheme - correct answer ✔✔Smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning
narrow (allophonic) transcription - correct answer ✔✔uses diacritics to reflect specific features
(or modifications) of phonemes during production.
[brackets]
indicate allophonic production and/or suprasegmental aspects of speech
nucleus - correct answer ✔✔the part of a syllable with the greatest acoustic energy; usually, but
not always, a vowel
