Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS
231/BIOD 331 Final Exam All Versions
Latest Update/ Verified 2026
NURS 231 / BIOD 231: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Portage Learning – Complete Final Exam Bank (2025 Edition)
Categorized By Question Type & Version
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Version Final Exam 1 ..................................................................................................... 1
Version Final Exam 2 ..................................................................................................... 5
Version Final Exam 3 ................................................................................................... 18
Version Final Exam 4 ................................................................................................... 35
Version Final Exam 5 ................................................................................................... 56
Version Final Exam 6 (Expansion) ................................................................................. 78
Version Final Exam 7 (Expansion) ............................................................................... 102
Version Final Exam 8 (Expansion) ............................................................................... 128
Version Final Exam 9 (Expansion) ............................................................................... 155
Version Final Exam 10 (Expansion) .............................................................................. 182
QUESTION TYPES EXPLAINED
• True and False: Evaluate factual accuracy of physiological statements.
• Matching: Connect concepts to definitions, structures to functions, or terms to
categories.
, • Multiple Choice: Select single best answer from clinical scenarios or definitional
options.
• Short Answer: Demonstrate synthesis of concepts using own words (clinical
reasoning).
Note: Clinical questions are constructed for examinees to verbalize reasoning. Strong
candidates articulate mechanisms clearly.
VERSION FINAL EXAM 1
Section A: True and False – General Pathophysiology Principles
Direction: If the statement is true, mark True. If false, correct the statement to make it
biologically accurate.
1. Peristaltic movements occur in two directions.
False. (Correction: Peristaltic movements are unidirectional — propelling contents distally
toward the rectum/anus.)
2. A benign neoplasm invades and destroys tissue and possesses a rapid rate of growth.
False. (Correction: Benign neoplasms are encapsulated, slow-growing, and do not invade
surrounding tissues or metastasize.)
3. Humoral immunity is a form of innate immunity.
False. (Correction: Humoral immunity [antibody-mediated] is a component of adaptive
immunity involving B lymphocytes.)
4. Hormones work through receptors, and the speed of the action varies.
True. (Hormones bind specific receptors; peptide hormones act rapidly via second
messengers, while steroid hormones act slowly via gene transcription.)
5. An innate immune response that is generalized (non-specific) and unable to distinguish
between various foreign agents is characteristic of adaptive immunity.
False. (Correction: This describes innate immunity. Adaptive immunity is highly specific and
has memory.)
,6. Apoptosis sets off an inflammatory immune response.
False. (Correction: Apoptosis is programmed cell death without inflammation [cell shrinks
and is phagocytosed]. Necrosis triggers inflammation.)
Section B: Matching – Cellular Structure & Function
Direction: Match each term in Column A with the most appropriate descriptor in Column
B.
Column A Column B
A. Powerhouse of the cell; site of oxidative phosphorylation and
7. Mitochondria cellular respiration
8. Cell B. Controls transport of materials into/out of cell via selective
Membrane permeability and receptor signaling
C. Contains DNA; controls cell division (mitosis/meiosis) and protein
9. Nucleus synthesis
10. Ribosomes D. Sites of protein synthesis (translation); may be free or bound to ER
E. Contain hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion and
11. Lysosomes autophagy
, Correct Matches: 7-A, 8-B, 9-C, 10-D, 11-E
Section C: Multiple Choice – Tissue Injury & Adaptation
12. Which of the following are true of the mitochondria? Select all that apply.
A. They play a role in apoptosis (release cytochrome c triggering caspase cascade)
B. It is involved in cellular respiration (ATP production via electron transport chain)
13. Which is true of the cell membrane? Select all that apply.
C. Controls the transport of materials from the outside field(s) in to
within. (Maintains homeostasis via channels/pumps/carriers)
14. Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells. (Identify
structure):
Answer: Ion channels / Sodium-potassium pumps maintaining resting membrane
potential
15. Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation. (Identify pathway):
Answer: Growth factor receptors / Cell cycle checkpoints (p53, Rb proteins)
16. Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous necrosis:
Feature Dry Gangrene Wet Gangrene
Ischemia/arterial occlusion Infection + ischemia
Cause (coagulative necrosis) (liquefactive necrosis)
Dry, shrunken, blackened tissue Swollen, moist, dark red/black,
Appearance (mummification) foul odor
Line of Clear line between viable/non- Poor demarcation; spreads
231/BIOD 331 Final Exam All Versions
Latest Update/ Verified 2026
NURS 231 / BIOD 231: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Portage Learning – Complete Final Exam Bank (2025 Edition)
Categorized By Question Type & Version
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Version Final Exam 1 ..................................................................................................... 1
Version Final Exam 2 ..................................................................................................... 5
Version Final Exam 3 ................................................................................................... 18
Version Final Exam 4 ................................................................................................... 35
Version Final Exam 5 ................................................................................................... 56
Version Final Exam 6 (Expansion) ................................................................................. 78
Version Final Exam 7 (Expansion) ............................................................................... 102
Version Final Exam 8 (Expansion) ............................................................................... 128
Version Final Exam 9 (Expansion) ............................................................................... 155
Version Final Exam 10 (Expansion) .............................................................................. 182
QUESTION TYPES EXPLAINED
• True and False: Evaluate factual accuracy of physiological statements.
• Matching: Connect concepts to definitions, structures to functions, or terms to
categories.
, • Multiple Choice: Select single best answer from clinical scenarios or definitional
options.
• Short Answer: Demonstrate synthesis of concepts using own words (clinical
reasoning).
Note: Clinical questions are constructed for examinees to verbalize reasoning. Strong
candidates articulate mechanisms clearly.
VERSION FINAL EXAM 1
Section A: True and False – General Pathophysiology Principles
Direction: If the statement is true, mark True. If false, correct the statement to make it
biologically accurate.
1. Peristaltic movements occur in two directions.
False. (Correction: Peristaltic movements are unidirectional — propelling contents distally
toward the rectum/anus.)
2. A benign neoplasm invades and destroys tissue and possesses a rapid rate of growth.
False. (Correction: Benign neoplasms are encapsulated, slow-growing, and do not invade
surrounding tissues or metastasize.)
3. Humoral immunity is a form of innate immunity.
False. (Correction: Humoral immunity [antibody-mediated] is a component of adaptive
immunity involving B lymphocytes.)
4. Hormones work through receptors, and the speed of the action varies.
True. (Hormones bind specific receptors; peptide hormones act rapidly via second
messengers, while steroid hormones act slowly via gene transcription.)
5. An innate immune response that is generalized (non-specific) and unable to distinguish
between various foreign agents is characteristic of adaptive immunity.
False. (Correction: This describes innate immunity. Adaptive immunity is highly specific and
has memory.)
,6. Apoptosis sets off an inflammatory immune response.
False. (Correction: Apoptosis is programmed cell death without inflammation [cell shrinks
and is phagocytosed]. Necrosis triggers inflammation.)
Section B: Matching – Cellular Structure & Function
Direction: Match each term in Column A with the most appropriate descriptor in Column
B.
Column A Column B
A. Powerhouse of the cell; site of oxidative phosphorylation and
7. Mitochondria cellular respiration
8. Cell B. Controls transport of materials into/out of cell via selective
Membrane permeability and receptor signaling
C. Contains DNA; controls cell division (mitosis/meiosis) and protein
9. Nucleus synthesis
10. Ribosomes D. Sites of protein synthesis (translation); may be free or bound to ER
E. Contain hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion and
11. Lysosomes autophagy
, Correct Matches: 7-A, 8-B, 9-C, 10-D, 11-E
Section C: Multiple Choice – Tissue Injury & Adaptation
12. Which of the following are true of the mitochondria? Select all that apply.
A. They play a role in apoptosis (release cytochrome c triggering caspase cascade)
B. It is involved in cellular respiration (ATP production via electron transport chain)
13. Which is true of the cell membrane? Select all that apply.
C. Controls the transport of materials from the outside field(s) in to
within. (Maintains homeostasis via channels/pumps/carriers)
14. Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells. (Identify
structure):
Answer: Ion channels / Sodium-potassium pumps maintaining resting membrane
potential
15. Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation. (Identify pathway):
Answer: Growth factor receptors / Cell cycle checkpoints (p53, Rb proteins)
16. Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous necrosis:
Feature Dry Gangrene Wet Gangrene
Ischemia/arterial occlusion Infection + ischemia
Cause (coagulative necrosis) (liquefactive necrosis)
Dry, shrunken, blackened tissue Swollen, moist, dark red/black,
Appearance (mummification) foul odor
Line of Clear line between viable/non- Poor demarcation; spreads
