LATEST UPDATED NU 578 WEEK 8 -
PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM |
COMPLETE EXAM WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS AND RATIONALES. A+
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
1. A 65-year-old male with heart failure with reduced
ejection fraction (HFrEF) is on lisinopril, carvedilol,
and furosemide. Which additional medication has
been shown to reduce mortality in HFrEF?
A) Digoxin
B) Spironolactone
C) Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate
D) Amiodarone
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone,
eplerenone) reduce mortality and hospitalizations in
patients with HFrEF (NYHA class II-IV) who are
already on ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers. Digoxin
reduces hospitalizations but not mortality.
Hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate is for African
Americans or those intolerant to ACEi/ARB.
,2. A 55-year-old male with type 2 diabetes on
metformin is started on empagliflozin. Which
statement about empagliflozin is correct?
A) It increases the risk of hypoglycemia as
monotherapy
B) It causes weight gain
C) It has cardiovascular and renal protective effects
D) It is a DPP-4 inhibitor
Correct answer: C
Rationale: SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin,
dapagliflozin, canagliflozin) have demonstrated
cardiovascular and renal protective effects in
patients with type 2 diabetes. They cause weight loss
and have a low risk of hypoglycemia as monotherapy.
They are not DPP-4 inhibitors.
3. A 45-year-old female with generalized anxiety
disorder is prescribed buspirone. Which statement
about buspirone is correct?
A) It has immediate anxiolytic effects
B) It has a risk of dependence and withdrawal
C) It may take 2-4 weeks to achieve full therapeutic
effect
D) It is a benzodiazepine
,Correct answer: C
Rationale: Buspirone has a delayed onset of action
(2-4 weeks), unlike benzodiazepines which have
immediate effects. It has no known risk of
dependence or withdrawal. It is not a
benzodiazepine; it is a 5-HT1A partial agonist.
4. A 72-year-old female with osteoporosis is
prescribed alendronate. Which instruction is most
important to prevent esophageal injury?
A) Take with a full glass of water after breakfast
B) Take with orange juice to improve absorption
C) Swallow whole with a full glass of water first thing
in the morning, remain upright for 30 minutes, and do
not eat or drink for 30 minutes
D) Crush or chew the tablet for better absorption
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Alendronate must be taken on an empty
stomach first thing in the morning with a full glass of
water, and the patient must remain upright for at
least 30 minutes to prevent esophageal irritation and
ulceration.
, 5. A 42-year-old male with type 2 diabetes has an A1c
of 8.5% on metformin. He has a history of coronary
artery disease. Which add-on medication has been
shown to reduce cardiovascular events?
A) Glipizide
B) Pioglitazone
C) Empagliflozin
D) Sitagliptin
Correct answer: C
Rationale: SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin,
dapagliflozin, canagliflozin) have demonstrated
cardiovascular benefit (reduction in major adverse
cardiovascular events, heart failure hospitalizations)
in patients with type 2 diabetes and established
cardiovascular disease.
6. A 35-year-old female with depression is prescribed
sertraline and reports decreased libido and
anorgasmia. Which strategy is most appropriate?
A) Discontinue sertraline immediately
B) Add bupropion to counteract sexual side effects
C) Double the dose of sertraline
D) Switch to fluoxetine
Correct answer: B
PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM |
COMPLETE EXAM WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS AND RATIONALES. A+
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
1. A 65-year-old male with heart failure with reduced
ejection fraction (HFrEF) is on lisinopril, carvedilol,
and furosemide. Which additional medication has
been shown to reduce mortality in HFrEF?
A) Digoxin
B) Spironolactone
C) Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate
D) Amiodarone
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone,
eplerenone) reduce mortality and hospitalizations in
patients with HFrEF (NYHA class II-IV) who are
already on ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers. Digoxin
reduces hospitalizations but not mortality.
Hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate is for African
Americans or those intolerant to ACEi/ARB.
,2. A 55-year-old male with type 2 diabetes on
metformin is started on empagliflozin. Which
statement about empagliflozin is correct?
A) It increases the risk of hypoglycemia as
monotherapy
B) It causes weight gain
C) It has cardiovascular and renal protective effects
D) It is a DPP-4 inhibitor
Correct answer: C
Rationale: SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin,
dapagliflozin, canagliflozin) have demonstrated
cardiovascular and renal protective effects in
patients with type 2 diabetes. They cause weight loss
and have a low risk of hypoglycemia as monotherapy.
They are not DPP-4 inhibitors.
3. A 45-year-old female with generalized anxiety
disorder is prescribed buspirone. Which statement
about buspirone is correct?
A) It has immediate anxiolytic effects
B) It has a risk of dependence and withdrawal
C) It may take 2-4 weeks to achieve full therapeutic
effect
D) It is a benzodiazepine
,Correct answer: C
Rationale: Buspirone has a delayed onset of action
(2-4 weeks), unlike benzodiazepines which have
immediate effects. It has no known risk of
dependence or withdrawal. It is not a
benzodiazepine; it is a 5-HT1A partial agonist.
4. A 72-year-old female with osteoporosis is
prescribed alendronate. Which instruction is most
important to prevent esophageal injury?
A) Take with a full glass of water after breakfast
B) Take with orange juice to improve absorption
C) Swallow whole with a full glass of water first thing
in the morning, remain upright for 30 minutes, and do
not eat or drink for 30 minutes
D) Crush or chew the tablet for better absorption
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Alendronate must be taken on an empty
stomach first thing in the morning with a full glass of
water, and the patient must remain upright for at
least 30 minutes to prevent esophageal irritation and
ulceration.
, 5. A 42-year-old male with type 2 diabetes has an A1c
of 8.5% on metformin. He has a history of coronary
artery disease. Which add-on medication has been
shown to reduce cardiovascular events?
A) Glipizide
B) Pioglitazone
C) Empagliflozin
D) Sitagliptin
Correct answer: C
Rationale: SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin,
dapagliflozin, canagliflozin) have demonstrated
cardiovascular benefit (reduction in major adverse
cardiovascular events, heart failure hospitalizations)
in patients with type 2 diabetes and established
cardiovascular disease.
6. A 35-year-old female with depression is prescribed
sertraline and reports decreased libido and
anorgasmia. Which strategy is most appropriate?
A) Discontinue sertraline immediately
B) Add bupropion to counteract sexual side effects
C) Double the dose of sertraline
D) Switch to fluoxetine
Correct answer: B
