RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)
NUR2063 - Essentials of Pathophysiology
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Final Exam Comprehensive Review
Question 1
A client receives a vaccination for influenza. This is an example of which type of
prevention?
A. Primary prevention
B. Secondary prevention
C. Tertiary prevention
D. Quaternary prevention
CORRECT ANSWER A. Primary prevention
RATIONALE
Primary prevention aims to prevent disease before it occurs (vaccinations, handwashing, healthy
lifestyle). Secondary prevention is early detection (screening). Tertiary prevention manages
established disease to prevent complications (rehab).
,Question 2
During the sympathetic (fight-or-flight) response, which physiologic changes occur?
A. Pupil constriction, decreased HR, increased salivation
B. Pupil dilation, increased HR, bronchodilation, glucose release
C. Bronchoconstriction, increased GI motility, pupil constriction
D. Decreased HR, pupil constriction, GI activation
CORRECT ANSWER B. Pupil dilation, increased HR, bronchodilation, glucose release
RATIONALE
Sympathetic activation prepares the body for stress: pupils dilate, HR increases, bronchodilation,
increased respirations, glucose release, and inhibition of GI/GU. Parasympathetic is rest/digest
(opposite effects).
Question 3
Which organelle is known as the "powerhouse of the cell" and produces ATP?
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosome
C. Mitochondria
D. Golgi apparatus
CORRECT ANSWER C. Mitochondria
RATIONALE
Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration and contain their own DNA. Ribosomes
synthesize proteins, nucleus stores DNA, Golgi packages proteins.
, Question 4
A newborn receives antibodies through breast milk. This is an example of:
A. Active natural immunity
B. Active artificial immunity
C. Passive natural immunity
D. Passive artificial immunity
CORRECT ANSWER C. Passive natural immunity
RATIONALE
Passive immunity involves transfer of preformed antibodies (no memory cells). Natural passive =
mother to fetus/infant via placenta or breast milk. Artificial passive = antibody injections (immune
globulin).
Question 5
A patient with chronic heart failure develops dependent edema. Which factor
contributes to edema formation?
A. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. Increased plasma albumin levels
C. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased capillary permeability
D. Decreased venous pressure
CORRECT ANSWER
C. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased capillary permeability
RATIONALE
Edema results from increased hydrostatic pressure (CHF, hypertension), increased capillary
permeability (inflammation), decreased plasma proteins (low albumin, cirrhosis), or lymphatic
obstruction.
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)
NUR2063 - Essentials of Pathophysiology
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Final Exam Comprehensive Review
Question 1
A client receives a vaccination for influenza. This is an example of which type of
prevention?
A. Primary prevention
B. Secondary prevention
C. Tertiary prevention
D. Quaternary prevention
CORRECT ANSWER A. Primary prevention
RATIONALE
Primary prevention aims to prevent disease before it occurs (vaccinations, handwashing, healthy
lifestyle). Secondary prevention is early detection (screening). Tertiary prevention manages
established disease to prevent complications (rehab).
,Question 2
During the sympathetic (fight-or-flight) response, which physiologic changes occur?
A. Pupil constriction, decreased HR, increased salivation
B. Pupil dilation, increased HR, bronchodilation, glucose release
C. Bronchoconstriction, increased GI motility, pupil constriction
D. Decreased HR, pupil constriction, GI activation
CORRECT ANSWER B. Pupil dilation, increased HR, bronchodilation, glucose release
RATIONALE
Sympathetic activation prepares the body for stress: pupils dilate, HR increases, bronchodilation,
increased respirations, glucose release, and inhibition of GI/GU. Parasympathetic is rest/digest
(opposite effects).
Question 3
Which organelle is known as the "powerhouse of the cell" and produces ATP?
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosome
C. Mitochondria
D. Golgi apparatus
CORRECT ANSWER C. Mitochondria
RATIONALE
Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration and contain their own DNA. Ribosomes
synthesize proteins, nucleus stores DNA, Golgi packages proteins.
, Question 4
A newborn receives antibodies through breast milk. This is an example of:
A. Active natural immunity
B. Active artificial immunity
C. Passive natural immunity
D. Passive artificial immunity
CORRECT ANSWER C. Passive natural immunity
RATIONALE
Passive immunity involves transfer of preformed antibodies (no memory cells). Natural passive =
mother to fetus/infant via placenta or breast milk. Artificial passive = antibody injections (immune
globulin).
Question 5
A patient with chronic heart failure develops dependent edema. Which factor
contributes to edema formation?
A. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. Increased plasma albumin levels
C. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased capillary permeability
D. Decreased venous pressure
CORRECT ANSWER
C. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased capillary permeability
RATIONALE
Edema results from increased hydrostatic pressure (CHF, hypertension), increased capillary
permeability (inflammation), decreased plasma proteins (low albumin, cirrhosis), or lymphatic
obstruction.
