BIOS252 / BIOS 252 Exam 3 anatOmy and PhySIOlOgy II
actual Exam 2026/2027 | cOmPlEtE Exam-StylE
QuEStIOnS | 100% VErIfIEd – dEtaIlEd ratIOnalES – PaSS
guarantEEd – a+ gradEd
Section 1: Endocrine System (Questions 1 to 15)
**Question 1 of 35**
A 58-year-old patient with a history of head trauma presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and dilute
urine. Laboratory studies reveal normal blood glucose but decreased urine specific gravity. The
nurse recognizes these findings are most consistent with dysfunction of which posterior
pituitary hormone?
A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
B. Growth hormone
C. Antidiuretic hormone ✓
D. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
**Correct Answer: C ✓**
Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts.
ADH deficiency results in diabetes insipidus characterized by massive dilute urine output
despite normal glucose levels. Head trauma can damage the hypothalamus or posterior
pituitary. TSH (A), GH (B), and ACTH (D) are anterior pituitary hormones not directly responsible
for water balance.
---
**Question 2 of 35**
A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus presents with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, deep
rapid breathing (Kussmaul respirations), and a fruity odor to the breath. These findings are most
consistent with:
,A. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
B. Diabetic ketoacidosis ✓
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Lactic acidosis
**Correct Answer: B ✓**
Rationale: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occurs in type 1 diabetes due to insulin deficiency,
leading to ketone production, metabolic acidosis, and Kussmaul respirations. Hyperosmolar
hyperglycemic state (A) typically occurs in type 2 diabetes without significant ketosis.
Hypoglycemia (C) presents with diaphoresis and confusion.
---
**Question 3 of 35**
The hypothalamus regulates the anterior pituitary via:
A. Direct neural connections
B. Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system (blood vessels) ✓
C. Diffusion across the blood-brain barrier
D. Axonal transport to the posterior pituitary
**Correct Answer: B ✓**
Rationale: The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypothalamic-
hypophyseal portal system (blood vessels) that directly transport them to the anterior pituitary.
The posterior pituitary (D) receives direct neural input. Diffusion (C) is not the primary
mechanism.
---
**Question 4 of 35**
Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic nervous system
stimulation?
, A. Cortisol
B. Aldosterone
C. Epinephrine and norepinephrine ✓
D. Androstenedione
**Correct Answer: C ✓**
Rationale: The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes epinephrine
(80%) and norepinephrine (20%). Cortisol (A) and aldosterone (B) are adrenal cortex hormones.
Androstenedione (D) is a weak androgen from the adrenal cortex.
---
**Question 5 of 35**
A patient with hyperthyroidism would most likely exhibit which set of signs and symptoms?
A. Weight gain, bradycardia, cold intolerance
B. Weight loss, tachycardia, heat intolerance ✓
C. Lethargy, constipation, dry skin
D. Hyperpigmentation, hypotension, hyponatremia
**Correct Answer: B ✓**
Rationale: Hyperthyroidism increases metabolic rate, causing weight loss, tachycardia, heat
intolerance, diaphoresis, and anxiety. Weight gain and bradycardia (A) are hypothyroidism
symptoms. Lethargy and constipation (C) are hypothyroid. Hyperpigmentation (D) is seen in
Addison's disease.
---
**Question 6 of 35**
The primary target organ for parathyroid hormone (PTH) is:
actual Exam 2026/2027 | cOmPlEtE Exam-StylE
QuEStIOnS | 100% VErIfIEd – dEtaIlEd ratIOnalES – PaSS
guarantEEd – a+ gradEd
Section 1: Endocrine System (Questions 1 to 15)
**Question 1 of 35**
A 58-year-old patient with a history of head trauma presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and dilute
urine. Laboratory studies reveal normal blood glucose but decreased urine specific gravity. The
nurse recognizes these findings are most consistent with dysfunction of which posterior
pituitary hormone?
A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
B. Growth hormone
C. Antidiuretic hormone ✓
D. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
**Correct Answer: C ✓**
Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts.
ADH deficiency results in diabetes insipidus characterized by massive dilute urine output
despite normal glucose levels. Head trauma can damage the hypothalamus or posterior
pituitary. TSH (A), GH (B), and ACTH (D) are anterior pituitary hormones not directly responsible
for water balance.
---
**Question 2 of 35**
A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus presents with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, deep
rapid breathing (Kussmaul respirations), and a fruity odor to the breath. These findings are most
consistent with:
,A. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
B. Diabetic ketoacidosis ✓
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Lactic acidosis
**Correct Answer: B ✓**
Rationale: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occurs in type 1 diabetes due to insulin deficiency,
leading to ketone production, metabolic acidosis, and Kussmaul respirations. Hyperosmolar
hyperglycemic state (A) typically occurs in type 2 diabetes without significant ketosis.
Hypoglycemia (C) presents with diaphoresis and confusion.
---
**Question 3 of 35**
The hypothalamus regulates the anterior pituitary via:
A. Direct neural connections
B. Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system (blood vessels) ✓
C. Diffusion across the blood-brain barrier
D. Axonal transport to the posterior pituitary
**Correct Answer: B ✓**
Rationale: The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypothalamic-
hypophyseal portal system (blood vessels) that directly transport them to the anterior pituitary.
The posterior pituitary (D) receives direct neural input. Diffusion (C) is not the primary
mechanism.
---
**Question 4 of 35**
Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic nervous system
stimulation?
, A. Cortisol
B. Aldosterone
C. Epinephrine and norepinephrine ✓
D. Androstenedione
**Correct Answer: C ✓**
Rationale: The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes epinephrine
(80%) and norepinephrine (20%). Cortisol (A) and aldosterone (B) are adrenal cortex hormones.
Androstenedione (D) is a weak androgen from the adrenal cortex.
---
**Question 5 of 35**
A patient with hyperthyroidism would most likely exhibit which set of signs and symptoms?
A. Weight gain, bradycardia, cold intolerance
B. Weight loss, tachycardia, heat intolerance ✓
C. Lethargy, constipation, dry skin
D. Hyperpigmentation, hypotension, hyponatremia
**Correct Answer: B ✓**
Rationale: Hyperthyroidism increases metabolic rate, causing weight loss, tachycardia, heat
intolerance, diaphoresis, and anxiety. Weight gain and bradycardia (A) are hypothyroidism
symptoms. Lethargy and constipation (C) are hypothyroid. Hyperpigmentation (D) is seen in
Addison's disease.
---
**Question 6 of 35**
The primary target organ for parathyroid hormone (PTH) is:
