CISSN EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025-
2026
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively
affecting muscle function? - ANS -Vitamin D
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body - ANS -a.
Carnosine (B-alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-
alanine via an energy dependent reaction catalyzed by carnosine
synthetase
b. Found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, and stomach
c. Available in meats and absorbed in intestine via peptide trANS
porters
d. Antioxidant activity, (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose
glycation
e. Suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
,f. Regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
g. Primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the
field of sports nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of
carnosine is 6.83, it is suggested that carnosine attenuates the
reduction in blood pH by a large amount of H+ originating from the
dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and suppresses a
loss of force
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood
glucose? - ANS -A highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water
soluble and absorbed by the gut more quickly than dextrose or
maltodextrin, research has not substantiated this claim.
b. Has been shown to be absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic
affects to remain, increase both glycogen and FFA substrate utilization
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humANS ? Give examples of
gluconeogenic precursors - ANS -Gluconeogenesis relies upon
lactate
pyruvate
glycerol (a catabolic produce of triaglycerols)
certain amino acids (glutamine and alanine
,What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II
Diabetes? - ANS -moderate consumption of both caffeinated and
decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of type 2 diabetes in younger and
middle-aged women
Coffee constituents other than caffeine may affect the development of
type 2 diabetes.
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? -
ANS -a. The major finding of this investigation was that whey protein
isolate supplementation attenuated the impairment in isometric and
isokinetic muscle forces during recovery from exercise-induced muscle
injury.
b. The current study demonstrates that whey protein in a partially
hydrolysed (pre-digested) form improves strength recovery rates,
possibly due to an increase in the rate of repair processes and/or a
reduction in the extent of damage, from intense training, in particular,
eccentric exercise that is commonly used in weight training.
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the
predominant fuel source during distance running? - ANS -Fat
How many extra kcals are required for accumulation of 1kg of body fat?
- ANS -Approximately 7000
, What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation
and performance - ANS -Decreased thermoregulation and
performance.
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-
to-exhaustion and dehydration stress? - ANS -AG supplementation
provids a significant ergogenic benefit by:
increasing time to exhaustion during a mild hydration stress.
This ergogenic effect was likely mediated by an enhanced fluid and
electrolyte uptake.
What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical
activity. - ANS -Decreased glycogen synthesis
decreased performance
overreaching/ overtraining.
Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully
acclimate to exercising in the heat? - ANS -Complete acclimation takes
up to 14 days
2026
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively
affecting muscle function? - ANS -Vitamin D
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body - ANS -a.
Carnosine (B-alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-
alanine via an energy dependent reaction catalyzed by carnosine
synthetase
b. Found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, and stomach
c. Available in meats and absorbed in intestine via peptide trANS
porters
d. Antioxidant activity, (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose
glycation
e. Suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
,f. Regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
g. Primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the
field of sports nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of
carnosine is 6.83, it is suggested that carnosine attenuates the
reduction in blood pH by a large amount of H+ originating from the
dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and suppresses a
loss of force
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood
glucose? - ANS -A highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water
soluble and absorbed by the gut more quickly than dextrose or
maltodextrin, research has not substantiated this claim.
b. Has been shown to be absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic
affects to remain, increase both glycogen and FFA substrate utilization
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humANS ? Give examples of
gluconeogenic precursors - ANS -Gluconeogenesis relies upon
lactate
pyruvate
glycerol (a catabolic produce of triaglycerols)
certain amino acids (glutamine and alanine
,What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II
Diabetes? - ANS -moderate consumption of both caffeinated and
decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of type 2 diabetes in younger and
middle-aged women
Coffee constituents other than caffeine may affect the development of
type 2 diabetes.
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? -
ANS -a. The major finding of this investigation was that whey protein
isolate supplementation attenuated the impairment in isometric and
isokinetic muscle forces during recovery from exercise-induced muscle
injury.
b. The current study demonstrates that whey protein in a partially
hydrolysed (pre-digested) form improves strength recovery rates,
possibly due to an increase in the rate of repair processes and/or a
reduction in the extent of damage, from intense training, in particular,
eccentric exercise that is commonly used in weight training.
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the
predominant fuel source during distance running? - ANS -Fat
How many extra kcals are required for accumulation of 1kg of body fat?
- ANS -Approximately 7000
, What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation
and performance - ANS -Decreased thermoregulation and
performance.
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-
to-exhaustion and dehydration stress? - ANS -AG supplementation
provids a significant ergogenic benefit by:
increasing time to exhaustion during a mild hydration stress.
This ergogenic effect was likely mediated by an enhanced fluid and
electrolyte uptake.
What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical
activity. - ANS -Decreased glycogen synthesis
decreased performance
overreaching/ overtraining.
Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully
acclimate to exercising in the heat? - ANS -Complete acclimation takes
up to 14 days
