CISSN EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body - ANS -- carnosine
(B-alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-alanine via
an energy dependent reaction cartelized by carnosine synthetase
-found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, and stomach
-available in meats and absorbed in intestine via peptide trANS porters
- antioxidant activity (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose
glycation
- suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
- regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
- primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the
field of sports nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of
carnosine is 6.83, it is suggested that carnosine attenuates the
reduction in blood pH by a large amount of H+ originating from the
dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and suppresses a
loss of force
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood
glucose? - ANS -- a highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water
,soluble and absorbed by the gut more quickly than dextrose or
maltodextrin, research has not substantiated this claim.
-has been shown to be absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic
affects to remain, increase both glycogen and FFA substrate utilization
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively
affecting muscle function? - ANS -Vitamin D
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humANS ? Give examples of
gluconeogenic precursors? - ANS -Gluconeogenesis relies upon lactate,
pyruvate, glycerol (a catabolic product of triglycerols) and certain amino
acids (glutamine and alanine)
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II
Diabetes? - ANS -Results suggest that moderate consumption of both
caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of type II diabetes
in younger and middle-aged women. Coffee constituents other than
caffeine may affect the development of type II diabetes
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? -
ANS -- The major finding of this investigation was that whey protein
isolate supplementation attenuated the impairment in isometric and
isokinetic muscle forces during recovery from exercise-induced muscle
injury
,- The current study demonstrates that whey protein is a partially
hydrolyzed (pre-digested) form improves strength recovery rates,
possibly due to an increase in the rate of repair processes and/or a
reduction in the extent of damage, from intense training, in particular,
eccentric exercise that is commonly used in weight training
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the
predominant fuel source during distance running? - ANS -fat (oxidation)
How many extra kcal are required for accumulation of 1 kg of body fat?
- ANS -approximately 7000
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation
and performance? - ANS -decrease thermoregulation and performance
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-
to-exhaustion and dehydration stress? - ANS -Results demonstrate that
AG supplementation provided a significant ergogenic benefit by
increasing time to exhaustion during a mild hydration stress. This
ergogenic effect was likely mediated by an enhanced fluid and
electrolyte uptake
What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical
activity? - ANS -Decreased glycogen synthesis, decreased performance,
overreaching/overtraining
, Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully
acclimate to exercising in the heat? - ANS -Complete acclimation takes
up to 14 days
What is HICA and what are the effects of its supplementation for a
period of 4 weeks? - ANS -- Alfa-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA) is an
end product of leucine metabolism in human tissues such as muscle
and connective tissue. According to the clinical and experimental
studies, HICA can be considered as an anti-catabolic substance. The
present study investigated the effects of HICA supplementation on body
composition, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and physical
performance of athletes during a training period
-already a 4-week HICA supplementation of 1.5 g a day leads to small
increases in muscle mass during an intensive training period in soccer
athletes
What is a BOD-POD? - ANS -a body composition recording device that
uses air displacement plethysmography
Compare fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Under what
conditions does one fuel source predominate over the other? - ANS --
Fat oxidation primarily occurs at low intensity long duration exercise
-Carbohydrates are oxidized preferentially during higher intensity
exercise
SOLUTIONS
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body - ANS -- carnosine
(B-alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-alanine via
an energy dependent reaction cartelized by carnosine synthetase
-found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, and stomach
-available in meats and absorbed in intestine via peptide trANS porters
- antioxidant activity (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose
glycation
- suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
- regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
- primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the
field of sports nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of
carnosine is 6.83, it is suggested that carnosine attenuates the
reduction in blood pH by a large amount of H+ originating from the
dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and suppresses a
loss of force
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood
glucose? - ANS -- a highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water
,soluble and absorbed by the gut more quickly than dextrose or
maltodextrin, research has not substantiated this claim.
-has been shown to be absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic
affects to remain, increase both glycogen and FFA substrate utilization
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively
affecting muscle function? - ANS -Vitamin D
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humANS ? Give examples of
gluconeogenic precursors? - ANS -Gluconeogenesis relies upon lactate,
pyruvate, glycerol (a catabolic product of triglycerols) and certain amino
acids (glutamine and alanine)
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II
Diabetes? - ANS -Results suggest that moderate consumption of both
caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of type II diabetes
in younger and middle-aged women. Coffee constituents other than
caffeine may affect the development of type II diabetes
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? -
ANS -- The major finding of this investigation was that whey protein
isolate supplementation attenuated the impairment in isometric and
isokinetic muscle forces during recovery from exercise-induced muscle
injury
,- The current study demonstrates that whey protein is a partially
hydrolyzed (pre-digested) form improves strength recovery rates,
possibly due to an increase in the rate of repair processes and/or a
reduction in the extent of damage, from intense training, in particular,
eccentric exercise that is commonly used in weight training
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the
predominant fuel source during distance running? - ANS -fat (oxidation)
How many extra kcal are required for accumulation of 1 kg of body fat?
- ANS -approximately 7000
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation
and performance? - ANS -decrease thermoregulation and performance
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-
to-exhaustion and dehydration stress? - ANS -Results demonstrate that
AG supplementation provided a significant ergogenic benefit by
increasing time to exhaustion during a mild hydration stress. This
ergogenic effect was likely mediated by an enhanced fluid and
electrolyte uptake
What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical
activity? - ANS -Decreased glycogen synthesis, decreased performance,
overreaching/overtraining
, Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully
acclimate to exercising in the heat? - ANS -Complete acclimation takes
up to 14 days
What is HICA and what are the effects of its supplementation for a
period of 4 weeks? - ANS -- Alfa-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA) is an
end product of leucine metabolism in human tissues such as muscle
and connective tissue. According to the clinical and experimental
studies, HICA can be considered as an anti-catabolic substance. The
present study investigated the effects of HICA supplementation on body
composition, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and physical
performance of athletes during a training period
-already a 4-week HICA supplementation of 1.5 g a day leads to small
increases in muscle mass during an intensive training period in soccer
athletes
What is a BOD-POD? - ANS -a body composition recording device that
uses air displacement plethysmography
Compare fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Under what
conditions does one fuel source predominate over the other? - ANS --
Fat oxidation primarily occurs at low intensity long duration exercise
-Carbohydrates are oxidized preferentially during higher intensity
exercise
