NUR 265 Exam 1: (Latest 2026/2027 Update) Acute Kidney Injury,
Cirrhosis, Pancreatitis, Cardiac & Coagulation Disorders | Q&A |
Grade A | 100% Correct (Verified Answers)
Complete Review: Nephrotic Syndrome, AKI Stages, CKD, Hemodialysis, Hepatic Encephalopathy, Acute/Chronic Pancreatitis,
DIC, HIT, Hemodynamics, MI & Lab Values
SUBJECT SOURCE FORMAT
Medical-Surgical Nursing / NUR 265 Galen Exam 1 Study Guide 2026/2027 Q&A Guide with Rationale
Q1
What is nephrotic syndrome?
CORRECT ANSWER
A condition of increased glomerular permeability that allows larger molecules (protein) to pass into urine
and be excreted.
RATIONALE
• Key features: massive proteinuria (>3.5g/24h), hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria.
• Increased coagulation risk due to loss of antithrombin III.
• Treatment: immunosuppressants (if immune), ACE inhibitors (reduce proteinuria), statins, heparin.
Q2
A patient has serum creatinine 3 times normal and GFR reduced by 75%. Which stage of AKI is this?
CORRECT ANSWER
Failure stage (creatinine x3 normal, GFR ↓75%)
RATIONALE
• Risk stage: Cr x1.5, GFR ↓25%; Injury: Cr x2, GFR ↓50%.
• Failure stage indicates severe kidney damage requiring possible RRT.
• Urine output <0.3 mL/kg/hr for ≥24h.
, Q3
A patient with severe dehydration and NSAID use develops AKI. What type of AKI is this?
CORRECT ANSWER
Prerenal AKI (decreased perfusion to kidneys without parenchymal damage)
RATIONALE
• Prerenal causes: hypovolemia, low cardiac output, renal artery stenosis, NSAIDs (reduce prostaglandins).
• Intrarenal: glomerulonephritis, sepsis, nephrotoxic drugs.
• Postrenal: BPH, bladder cancer, kidney stones.
Q4
What is the minimum MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys?
CORRECT ANSWER
65 mmHg (MAP = [SBP + (2×DBP)] / 3)
RATIONALE
• MAP <60 mmHg leads to renal ischemia and AKI.
• Maintain MAP 65-70 mmHg to preserve renal perfusion.
• Autoregulation fails below 60 mmHg.
Q5
What are the two most common causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
CORRECT ANSWER
Hypertension and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
RATIONALE
• Diabetes causes glomerular hyperfiltration and basement membrane thickening.
• HTN causes glomerular capillary hypertension and sclerosis.
• Control of BP (<130/80) and glucose slows progression.
Cirrhosis, Pancreatitis, Cardiac & Coagulation Disorders | Q&A |
Grade A | 100% Correct (Verified Answers)
Complete Review: Nephrotic Syndrome, AKI Stages, CKD, Hemodialysis, Hepatic Encephalopathy, Acute/Chronic Pancreatitis,
DIC, HIT, Hemodynamics, MI & Lab Values
SUBJECT SOURCE FORMAT
Medical-Surgical Nursing / NUR 265 Galen Exam 1 Study Guide 2026/2027 Q&A Guide with Rationale
Q1
What is nephrotic syndrome?
CORRECT ANSWER
A condition of increased glomerular permeability that allows larger molecules (protein) to pass into urine
and be excreted.
RATIONALE
• Key features: massive proteinuria (>3.5g/24h), hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria.
• Increased coagulation risk due to loss of antithrombin III.
• Treatment: immunosuppressants (if immune), ACE inhibitors (reduce proteinuria), statins, heparin.
Q2
A patient has serum creatinine 3 times normal and GFR reduced by 75%. Which stage of AKI is this?
CORRECT ANSWER
Failure stage (creatinine x3 normal, GFR ↓75%)
RATIONALE
• Risk stage: Cr x1.5, GFR ↓25%; Injury: Cr x2, GFR ↓50%.
• Failure stage indicates severe kidney damage requiring possible RRT.
• Urine output <0.3 mL/kg/hr for ≥24h.
, Q3
A patient with severe dehydration and NSAID use develops AKI. What type of AKI is this?
CORRECT ANSWER
Prerenal AKI (decreased perfusion to kidneys without parenchymal damage)
RATIONALE
• Prerenal causes: hypovolemia, low cardiac output, renal artery stenosis, NSAIDs (reduce prostaglandins).
• Intrarenal: glomerulonephritis, sepsis, nephrotoxic drugs.
• Postrenal: BPH, bladder cancer, kidney stones.
Q4
What is the minimum MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys?
CORRECT ANSWER
65 mmHg (MAP = [SBP + (2×DBP)] / 3)
RATIONALE
• MAP <60 mmHg leads to renal ischemia and AKI.
• Maintain MAP 65-70 mmHg to preserve renal perfusion.
• Autoregulation fails below 60 mmHg.
Q5
What are the two most common causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
CORRECT ANSWER
Hypertension and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
RATIONALE
• Diabetes causes glomerular hyperfiltration and basement membrane thickening.
• HTN causes glomerular capillary hypertension and sclerosis.
• Control of BP (<130/80) and glucose slows progression.
