Hartman's Nursing Assistant Care
Chapter 5, 6, & 7 Questions and
Answers (2026/2027) | Updated
Review | A+ Verified
• Confusion. Answer: The inability to think clearly or make decisions
• Delirium. Answer: Severe confusion which occurs suddenly - usually temporary-
Drugs and alcohol usually involved but could also be due to disease, illness, fluid
imbalance, poor nutrition
• Causes of Confusion. Answer: UTI, Low Blood Sugar, Dehydration, Fever, Lack
of Oxygen, Infections, Brain Tumor
• Guidelines of Care for Residents experiencing Confusion. Answer: Do NOT
leave resident alone, provide a quiet environment, introduce self each time you see
the resident and use their name, Keep a routine and talk to residents about plan for
the day, use calendars - remind them of date, time, place
• Signs of Delirium. Answer: Agitation, Irritability, Anger, Depression,
Diorientation, Trouble focusing, Aphasia, Changes in Perspective & Sensations,
Changes in Consciousness, STM loss
• Goal of Treatment for Delirium. Answer: Control or Reverse the cause
• Cognition. Answer: The ability to think logically and clearly & make decisions
,• Cognitive Impairment. Answer: Inability to think logically & clearly (Not
rational)
• Dementia. Answer: Symptom not a diagnosis. Loss of thinking, reasoning,
remembering, & communicating. No recovery. Difficulty to perform ADL's.
• Cause Dementia. Answer: Alzheimer's, Multi-Infarc/Vascular Dementia (series
of CVAs causes damage to the brain, Lewy Body Dementia, Parkinson's,
Huntington's.
• Lewy Body Dementia. Answer: Most common type of dementia. It involves
fluctuations between alertness and attention, meaning that one moment resident
may seem completely fine and the next he is staring into space and drowsy. It also
involves frequent hallucinations and gradual loss of motor skills.
• Huntington's Disease. Answer: Caused by a faulty gene on chromosome 4. The
faulty gene leads to a damage of the nerve cells in areas of the brain, including the
the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex.
This leads to gradual physical, mental and emotional changes. It is a dominant
hereditary disease.
The hallmark symptom is uncontrolled movement of the arms, legs, head, face and
upper body. Also causes a decline in thinking and reasoning skills, including
memory, concentration, judgment and ability to plan and organize.
Other symptoms include alterations in mood, especially depression, anxiety, and
uncharacteristic anger and irritability, obsessive-compulsive behavior, leading a
person to repeat the same question or activity over and over.
, • Alzheimer's Disease. Answer: Most common cause of dementia in the "elderly".
Women are more prone to the disease (possibly hormone imbalances). Causes
"tangled nerve fibers (tangles)" and protein deposits to form in the brain. No
known cause or cure. Only sure way to "diagnose is by autopsy".
Skills a person has used over a lifetime (playing instruments) are usually kept
longer.
• Alzheimer's Care Guidelines. Answer: Encourage independence to keep mind
and body active as possible. Problem solving, socializing , reading,
working/projects all help slow the disease.
• CNA's attitude when dealing with Alzheimer's should be:. Answer: Empathetic,
DON"T take things personally, "Let's..." Team Effort Approach
• Strategies for better communication with Alzheimer's patients. Answer:
Approach from front (so as not to startle)
Determine patient's "space bubble" comfort zone
Reduce distractions
Always identify yourself and address resident by name
Lower tone of voice
Use same words and phrases & repeat yourself
Use signs, pictures & gestures
Break complex tasks into smaller, simpler ones
Give simple step by step instructions (treat as an adult but use toddler
logic...limited choice etc.)
• Strategies for helping frightened or agitated Alzheimer's patients. Answer: Get rid
of noise & distractions
Keep them calm
Chapter 5, 6, & 7 Questions and
Answers (2026/2027) | Updated
Review | A+ Verified
• Confusion. Answer: The inability to think clearly or make decisions
• Delirium. Answer: Severe confusion which occurs suddenly - usually temporary-
Drugs and alcohol usually involved but could also be due to disease, illness, fluid
imbalance, poor nutrition
• Causes of Confusion. Answer: UTI, Low Blood Sugar, Dehydration, Fever, Lack
of Oxygen, Infections, Brain Tumor
• Guidelines of Care for Residents experiencing Confusion. Answer: Do NOT
leave resident alone, provide a quiet environment, introduce self each time you see
the resident and use their name, Keep a routine and talk to residents about plan for
the day, use calendars - remind them of date, time, place
• Signs of Delirium. Answer: Agitation, Irritability, Anger, Depression,
Diorientation, Trouble focusing, Aphasia, Changes in Perspective & Sensations,
Changes in Consciousness, STM loss
• Goal of Treatment for Delirium. Answer: Control or Reverse the cause
• Cognition. Answer: The ability to think logically and clearly & make decisions
,• Cognitive Impairment. Answer: Inability to think logically & clearly (Not
rational)
• Dementia. Answer: Symptom not a diagnosis. Loss of thinking, reasoning,
remembering, & communicating. No recovery. Difficulty to perform ADL's.
• Cause Dementia. Answer: Alzheimer's, Multi-Infarc/Vascular Dementia (series
of CVAs causes damage to the brain, Lewy Body Dementia, Parkinson's,
Huntington's.
• Lewy Body Dementia. Answer: Most common type of dementia. It involves
fluctuations between alertness and attention, meaning that one moment resident
may seem completely fine and the next he is staring into space and drowsy. It also
involves frequent hallucinations and gradual loss of motor skills.
• Huntington's Disease. Answer: Caused by a faulty gene on chromosome 4. The
faulty gene leads to a damage of the nerve cells in areas of the brain, including the
the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex.
This leads to gradual physical, mental and emotional changes. It is a dominant
hereditary disease.
The hallmark symptom is uncontrolled movement of the arms, legs, head, face and
upper body. Also causes a decline in thinking and reasoning skills, including
memory, concentration, judgment and ability to plan and organize.
Other symptoms include alterations in mood, especially depression, anxiety, and
uncharacteristic anger and irritability, obsessive-compulsive behavior, leading a
person to repeat the same question or activity over and over.
, • Alzheimer's Disease. Answer: Most common cause of dementia in the "elderly".
Women are more prone to the disease (possibly hormone imbalances). Causes
"tangled nerve fibers (tangles)" and protein deposits to form in the brain. No
known cause or cure. Only sure way to "diagnose is by autopsy".
Skills a person has used over a lifetime (playing instruments) are usually kept
longer.
• Alzheimer's Care Guidelines. Answer: Encourage independence to keep mind
and body active as possible. Problem solving, socializing , reading,
working/projects all help slow the disease.
• CNA's attitude when dealing with Alzheimer's should be:. Answer: Empathetic,
DON"T take things personally, "Let's..." Team Effort Approach
• Strategies for better communication with Alzheimer's patients. Answer:
Approach from front (so as not to startle)
Determine patient's "space bubble" comfort zone
Reduce distractions
Always identify yourself and address resident by name
Lower tone of voice
Use same words and phrases & repeat yourself
Use signs, pictures & gestures
Break complex tasks into smaller, simpler ones
Give simple step by step instructions (treat as an adult but use toddler
logic...limited choice etc.)
• Strategies for helping frightened or agitated Alzheimer's patients. Answer: Get rid
of noise & distractions
Keep them calm
