Russia Past Questions Eassy Plans Exam with Questions and Answers – 100%
Solved
'Red victory in the Civil War was due to the weaknesses of the Bolsheviks' opponents.' - ✔✔✔-
1.Whites were extremely divided, poor leadership, geographically split up
2. On the other hand they had a numerical advantage as well as foreign intervention
3. Reds benefited from their own strengths of unified goal & geographical advantage
Victory in the Civil War is likely to be seen as a mixture of Red strengths and White weaknesses
but reward any argument that makes a clear judgement and provides a convincing argument in
support. Students should be able to refer to a range of factors on each side and the best
answers will identify the interrelationship of these factors.
-The Whites were divided and included Mensheviks, Social Revolutionaries, moderate liberals
and right-wing tsarists; these groups quarrelled among themselves; there was no unifying
rallying cry; the execution of the Tsar, 1918 removed a potential focus of future government.
The White armies were scattered around the perimeters of Russia and suffered poor
communications, scattered populations and limited industrial resources and armaments. The
Whites had different commanders and lacked a coordinated military strategy; e.g. other
generals very suspicious of Kolchak and suffered internal corruption.
Whites had the numerical advantage overall and foreign intervention brought additional
supplies and weapons; they very nearly succeeded in the early stages of war.
Reds benefited from commanding unified territory with considerable geographical advantages
(e.g. armament factories, railways and population density). Reds had strong leadership from
Lenin (war communism policies supported the armies) and Trotsky (as strategist and
disciplinarian who improved army training and maintained discipline through war commissars).
Reds had a single purpose (to preserve Bolshevik rule) and one which, on the whole, won
support from peasants, fearful of losing their l
'Soviet foreign policy in the 1920s was successful in strengthening Russia's international
security.' - ✔✔✔-The Bolsheviks had some foreign policy successes in the 1920s, but also felt
with some justification that their international position was still not secure.
,Russia Past Questions Eassy Plans Exam with Questions and Answers – 100%
Solved
1. Comintern then later Socialism in one country (international socialist organisation spreading
the proletariat revolution, e.g. Spartacist uprising in Berlin, general spread across west of
communist ideals, overall unsuccessful at spreading revolution, doesn't meet its goal)
2. Formal treaty's such as Rapallo & Berlin (with Germany)(secured some trade agreements and
allied Russia with smaller Baltic countries, with Western powers such as France and England
recognising Russia in 1924
3. On the other hand on a personal level, countries were distrusting and this proved a risk,
governments of capitalist countries suppressed all communist risings and directed the anger at
the USSR
1.Comintern: Soviet politicians did not abandon their fear of capitalist powers or their
commitment to the eventual triumph of socialism in the world, but they also recognised the
desirability of better relations and trade links, and were therefore open to negotiations. The
plan was firstly based on building a close class alliance between the proletariat and the vast
masses of the small peasantry and secondly constructing a complete socialist society in Russia
whilst patiently awaiting and aiding the worldwide class struggle to first mature around the
world before a mass based proletarian revolution on a worldwide scale is made possible, lead to
suspicion and isolation.
2.Treatys established formal 'international security' Russia's isolation amongst the great powers
after the Revolution and Civil War was ended by the 1922 Treaty of Rapallo, signed with
Germany, which provided for diplomatic relations, mutual trade and military cooperation.
Relations with Germany were consolidated by the 1
'Stalin's victory in the power struggle between 1922 and 1929 was due to the popularity of his
policies.' - ✔✔✔-1. Socialism in one country showed a faith in Russia and accepted the outside
political situation, allowed him to defeat Trotsky. Committed to NEP until 1927b which allowed
him to successfully challenge Zinoviev and Kamenev
2.
3.
, Russia Past Questions Eassy Plans Exam with Questions and Answers – 100%
Solved
-Socialism in One Country put the needs of the USSR first, as well as showing faith in the
country and socialism's ability to meet the challenges of economic development and protection.
The policy enabled him to defeat Trotsky in 1924. Stalin's commitment to NEP until 1927
enabled him to defeat the United Opposition of Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev. The policy was a
continuation of the work of Lenin and it appeared to be working as the Soviet economy
recovered in the mid-1920s. This policy secured the support of the peasantry and much of the
party. Stalin's later abandonment of NEP and adoption of collectivisation and rapid forced
industrialisation enabled him to defeat Bukharin. It won him the support of party radicals like
Kirov, Kaganovich and Ordzhonkidze, and of the party rank and file who were increasingly
disgusted with the 'capitalist' NEP.
-Trotsky's weaknesses and mistakes: Trotsky was feared as an ambitious man with the backing
of the Red Army of 5 million. He was an ex-Menshevik, Jewish, intellectual. Zinoviev, Kamenev
and Stalin therefore formed the Troika to defeat Trotsky in 1924, which was the first stage in
Stalin's victory in the power struggle. Zinoviev and Kamenev were Jews and 'October Deserters',
whilst their attack on Trotsky made them appear indecisive. A former ally, Bukharin fought in
the party; though his strength lay with the peasants and the Trade Unions, his commitment to
NEP meant he lacked credibility as a Marxist
-Stalin was the beneficiary of the Lenin Legacy: benefited from Lenin's 1921 Ban on
Factionalism; this allowed Stalin to attack the United Oppositi
'The Bolshevik consolidation of power by 1921 was due to the popularity of their policies.' -
✔✔✔-A consolidation of power could be defined as elimination of opponents, support of
masses (in case of bolsheviks many opposes were killed or surpassed) and a strong party. It was
a combination of Bolshevik policies, their use of force, victory in the Civil War and establishment
of a one-party state which enabled them to consolidate their power:
1.WW1 and Brest-Lqitovsk (leaving the war popular despite policies)
2.Policies (decree on land, land bread peace, failure of war communism blamed on the whites,
workers decree)
3.War communism to NEP (popular with the peasants who desired reintroduction of the familiar
capitalist system)
Solved
'Red victory in the Civil War was due to the weaknesses of the Bolsheviks' opponents.' - ✔✔✔-
1.Whites were extremely divided, poor leadership, geographically split up
2. On the other hand they had a numerical advantage as well as foreign intervention
3. Reds benefited from their own strengths of unified goal & geographical advantage
Victory in the Civil War is likely to be seen as a mixture of Red strengths and White weaknesses
but reward any argument that makes a clear judgement and provides a convincing argument in
support. Students should be able to refer to a range of factors on each side and the best
answers will identify the interrelationship of these factors.
-The Whites were divided and included Mensheviks, Social Revolutionaries, moderate liberals
and right-wing tsarists; these groups quarrelled among themselves; there was no unifying
rallying cry; the execution of the Tsar, 1918 removed a potential focus of future government.
The White armies were scattered around the perimeters of Russia and suffered poor
communications, scattered populations and limited industrial resources and armaments. The
Whites had different commanders and lacked a coordinated military strategy; e.g. other
generals very suspicious of Kolchak and suffered internal corruption.
Whites had the numerical advantage overall and foreign intervention brought additional
supplies and weapons; they very nearly succeeded in the early stages of war.
Reds benefited from commanding unified territory with considerable geographical advantages
(e.g. armament factories, railways and population density). Reds had strong leadership from
Lenin (war communism policies supported the armies) and Trotsky (as strategist and
disciplinarian who improved army training and maintained discipline through war commissars).
Reds had a single purpose (to preserve Bolshevik rule) and one which, on the whole, won
support from peasants, fearful of losing their l
'Soviet foreign policy in the 1920s was successful in strengthening Russia's international
security.' - ✔✔✔-The Bolsheviks had some foreign policy successes in the 1920s, but also felt
with some justification that their international position was still not secure.
,Russia Past Questions Eassy Plans Exam with Questions and Answers – 100%
Solved
1. Comintern then later Socialism in one country (international socialist organisation spreading
the proletariat revolution, e.g. Spartacist uprising in Berlin, general spread across west of
communist ideals, overall unsuccessful at spreading revolution, doesn't meet its goal)
2. Formal treaty's such as Rapallo & Berlin (with Germany)(secured some trade agreements and
allied Russia with smaller Baltic countries, with Western powers such as France and England
recognising Russia in 1924
3. On the other hand on a personal level, countries were distrusting and this proved a risk,
governments of capitalist countries suppressed all communist risings and directed the anger at
the USSR
1.Comintern: Soviet politicians did not abandon their fear of capitalist powers or their
commitment to the eventual triumph of socialism in the world, but they also recognised the
desirability of better relations and trade links, and were therefore open to negotiations. The
plan was firstly based on building a close class alliance between the proletariat and the vast
masses of the small peasantry and secondly constructing a complete socialist society in Russia
whilst patiently awaiting and aiding the worldwide class struggle to first mature around the
world before a mass based proletarian revolution on a worldwide scale is made possible, lead to
suspicion and isolation.
2.Treatys established formal 'international security' Russia's isolation amongst the great powers
after the Revolution and Civil War was ended by the 1922 Treaty of Rapallo, signed with
Germany, which provided for diplomatic relations, mutual trade and military cooperation.
Relations with Germany were consolidated by the 1
'Stalin's victory in the power struggle between 1922 and 1929 was due to the popularity of his
policies.' - ✔✔✔-1. Socialism in one country showed a faith in Russia and accepted the outside
political situation, allowed him to defeat Trotsky. Committed to NEP until 1927b which allowed
him to successfully challenge Zinoviev and Kamenev
2.
3.
, Russia Past Questions Eassy Plans Exam with Questions and Answers – 100%
Solved
-Socialism in One Country put the needs of the USSR first, as well as showing faith in the
country and socialism's ability to meet the challenges of economic development and protection.
The policy enabled him to defeat Trotsky in 1924. Stalin's commitment to NEP until 1927
enabled him to defeat the United Opposition of Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev. The policy was a
continuation of the work of Lenin and it appeared to be working as the Soviet economy
recovered in the mid-1920s. This policy secured the support of the peasantry and much of the
party. Stalin's later abandonment of NEP and adoption of collectivisation and rapid forced
industrialisation enabled him to defeat Bukharin. It won him the support of party radicals like
Kirov, Kaganovich and Ordzhonkidze, and of the party rank and file who were increasingly
disgusted with the 'capitalist' NEP.
-Trotsky's weaknesses and mistakes: Trotsky was feared as an ambitious man with the backing
of the Red Army of 5 million. He was an ex-Menshevik, Jewish, intellectual. Zinoviev, Kamenev
and Stalin therefore formed the Troika to defeat Trotsky in 1924, which was the first stage in
Stalin's victory in the power struggle. Zinoviev and Kamenev were Jews and 'October Deserters',
whilst their attack on Trotsky made them appear indecisive. A former ally, Bukharin fought in
the party; though his strength lay with the peasants and the Trade Unions, his commitment to
NEP meant he lacked credibility as a Marxist
-Stalin was the beneficiary of the Lenin Legacy: benefited from Lenin's 1921 Ban on
Factionalism; this allowed Stalin to attack the United Oppositi
'The Bolshevik consolidation of power by 1921 was due to the popularity of their policies.' -
✔✔✔-A consolidation of power could be defined as elimination of opponents, support of
masses (in case of bolsheviks many opposes were killed or surpassed) and a strong party. It was
a combination of Bolshevik policies, their use of force, victory in the Civil War and establishment
of a one-party state which enabled them to consolidate their power:
1.WW1 and Brest-Lqitovsk (leaving the war popular despite policies)
2.Policies (decree on land, land bread peace, failure of war communism blamed on the whites,
workers decree)
3.War communism to NEP (popular with the peasants who desired reintroduction of the familiar
capitalist system)
