Paper 1 – Whitechapel + Crime and Punishment Revision Exam with Questions
and Answers – 100% Solved
1865 prisons act - ✔✔✔--Prisoners had to be silent at all times, breaking this led to whipping or
a diet of bread and water
-Prisoners slept on hard wooden bunks compared to the comfortable hammocks before
- Food was 'hard fare' the same menu every day
-Prisoners had to do hard labour
1916 Military Service Act - ✔✔✔-1916 Military Service Act Conscription was introduced into
Britain for the very first time. All unmarried men aged 18-41 were called up to join the armed
forces. In May, all married men were included. In 1918, the upper age limit was raised to 51. It
was illegal to avoid taking an active part in the war. Around 16,000 men refused to join because
they were COs.
1948 Criminal Justice Act - ✔✔✔-The Labour Government (elected after the war) was keen to
reform the youth justice system. Between 1922 and 1947, a prisons commissioner called
Alexander Patterson was very influential in how young offenders were treated. He argued that
probation and rehabilitation were essential.
Aims, Positives and Negatives of neighbourhood watch - ✔✔✔-POSITIVE It encourages local
people to take an active part in making their community safer. The police rely on local co-
operation and can't police effectively without community support. It is very effective at making
people feel safer and less vulnerable. It works well for tackling issues like anti-social behaviour.
AIMS Helping the police prevent crime by encouraging local vigilance (keeping a careful watch
for danger or possible criminal activity). Reducing fear of crime by increasing
community involvement. Reporting crime trends to the police.
NEGATIVE Most groups are in wealthier areas that do not suffer from a lot of crime. They do
not exist in the areas with high crime rates where they are really needed. The members tend to
be older people who just want an opportunity to be nosey neighbours. They do not represent
the whole community. The scheme is an excuse to underfund the police service. It relies on
unpaid volunteers doing jobs the police should be doing.
,Paper 1 – Whitechapel + Crime and Punishment Revision Exam with Questions
and Answers – 100% Solved
Anglo Saxon society - ✔✔✔-King- decided new laws and responsible for keeping the Kings
peace
Nobles- given land by the king, powerful people who could advise and persuade the king when
making new laws. Appointed shire reeves who made sure people followed the king's law.
Freeman- Given/rented a piece of land, no say in laws
Serfs- Owned no land. worked for others for a low wage
Borstals introduced for young offenders - ✔✔✔-1902: the first borstal was introduced for
offenders under 21 (later 23).
The main aim was to separate young offenders from hardened adult criminals.
Different borstals for boys and girls.
Borstals were run like strict boarding schools with house competitions and sport.
Education and work programmes focused on learning practical skills.
Usual sentence was from 6 months to 2 years.
Offenders could be released after 6 months but only if the staff felt they were ready.
1982: they were abolished.
Changes to courts 1000-1700 - ✔✔✔-Courts: all relied on local jury. Manor courts dealt with
local and minor crimes like drunkeness. JP's dealt with minor crimes but met with each other 4
times in quarter sessions. Here would judge more serious crimes and could give death
Benefit Clergy: Henry VIII limited the use of the neck verse so non clergy could use it once.
Edward VI Made this verse exempt from serious crimes. From 1576 church courts couldn't try
criminal cases
,Paper 1 – Whitechapel + Crime and Punishment Revision Exam with Questions
and Answers – 100% Solved
Sanctuary: Henry VIII Stopped exile abroad and had to stay in dedicated sanctuaries. James I
1623 Abolished sanctuary
Habeas Corpus: passed in 1679, prevented police from locking people forever with no crime
being charged, anyone arrested had to be trialed
Changes to policing since 1900 - ✔✔✔-Numbers &organisation:
THEN:
Around 200 local police forces - all run differently, Little co-operation between forces, 42,000
officers.
NOW:
126,818 officers (2015). Increase in 7% of female officers in England 1977 to 28% March 2015
Greater proportion of ethnic minority - from 1% in 1989 to 5.5% in 2015
Training & recruitment:
THEN:
Military drill the only training. * All police officers were male. * Low-quality & poorly paid
recruitments.
NOW:
14 weeks of basic training Specialist training at local police forces
Transport:
THEN:
Officers walked a 'beat' of up to 20 miles a day
NOW
Cars and motorbikes Helicopters Foot and bicycle patrol - for better community relations
, Paper 1 – Whitechapel + Crime and Punishment Revision Exam with Questions
and Answers – 100% Solved
Equipment:
THEN:
Whistle to call for help. * Wooden truncheon
NOW:
Pistols locked up at police station for emergencies. Pepper spray and CS gas Tasers Firearms for
specialist officers. Radios - two way telephone
Crime detection tools
THEN: Eyes & ears of the officer. * Witness statements.
NOW:
CCTV ANPR DNA Police National Computer
Record keeping
THEN:
Local record keeping was poor. * No national record of criminals.
NOW:
PNC police national computer
Main duties:
THEN
Dealing with crimes, especially petty theft. * Dealing with drunkenness
NOW
Several highly trained specialist units - fraud squad, drug squad Dealing with non-crime related
incidents: anti-social behavior, drunkenness, missing persons and mental health. Policing large
events such as football games and other gatherings
and Answers – 100% Solved
1865 prisons act - ✔✔✔--Prisoners had to be silent at all times, breaking this led to whipping or
a diet of bread and water
-Prisoners slept on hard wooden bunks compared to the comfortable hammocks before
- Food was 'hard fare' the same menu every day
-Prisoners had to do hard labour
1916 Military Service Act - ✔✔✔-1916 Military Service Act Conscription was introduced into
Britain for the very first time. All unmarried men aged 18-41 were called up to join the armed
forces. In May, all married men were included. In 1918, the upper age limit was raised to 51. It
was illegal to avoid taking an active part in the war. Around 16,000 men refused to join because
they were COs.
1948 Criminal Justice Act - ✔✔✔-The Labour Government (elected after the war) was keen to
reform the youth justice system. Between 1922 and 1947, a prisons commissioner called
Alexander Patterson was very influential in how young offenders were treated. He argued that
probation and rehabilitation were essential.
Aims, Positives and Negatives of neighbourhood watch - ✔✔✔-POSITIVE It encourages local
people to take an active part in making their community safer. The police rely on local co-
operation and can't police effectively without community support. It is very effective at making
people feel safer and less vulnerable. It works well for tackling issues like anti-social behaviour.
AIMS Helping the police prevent crime by encouraging local vigilance (keeping a careful watch
for danger or possible criminal activity). Reducing fear of crime by increasing
community involvement. Reporting crime trends to the police.
NEGATIVE Most groups are in wealthier areas that do not suffer from a lot of crime. They do
not exist in the areas with high crime rates where they are really needed. The members tend to
be older people who just want an opportunity to be nosey neighbours. They do not represent
the whole community. The scheme is an excuse to underfund the police service. It relies on
unpaid volunteers doing jobs the police should be doing.
,Paper 1 – Whitechapel + Crime and Punishment Revision Exam with Questions
and Answers – 100% Solved
Anglo Saxon society - ✔✔✔-King- decided new laws and responsible for keeping the Kings
peace
Nobles- given land by the king, powerful people who could advise and persuade the king when
making new laws. Appointed shire reeves who made sure people followed the king's law.
Freeman- Given/rented a piece of land, no say in laws
Serfs- Owned no land. worked for others for a low wage
Borstals introduced for young offenders - ✔✔✔-1902: the first borstal was introduced for
offenders under 21 (later 23).
The main aim was to separate young offenders from hardened adult criminals.
Different borstals for boys and girls.
Borstals were run like strict boarding schools with house competitions and sport.
Education and work programmes focused on learning practical skills.
Usual sentence was from 6 months to 2 years.
Offenders could be released after 6 months but only if the staff felt they were ready.
1982: they were abolished.
Changes to courts 1000-1700 - ✔✔✔-Courts: all relied on local jury. Manor courts dealt with
local and minor crimes like drunkeness. JP's dealt with minor crimes but met with each other 4
times in quarter sessions. Here would judge more serious crimes and could give death
Benefit Clergy: Henry VIII limited the use of the neck verse so non clergy could use it once.
Edward VI Made this verse exempt from serious crimes. From 1576 church courts couldn't try
criminal cases
,Paper 1 – Whitechapel + Crime and Punishment Revision Exam with Questions
and Answers – 100% Solved
Sanctuary: Henry VIII Stopped exile abroad and had to stay in dedicated sanctuaries. James I
1623 Abolished sanctuary
Habeas Corpus: passed in 1679, prevented police from locking people forever with no crime
being charged, anyone arrested had to be trialed
Changes to policing since 1900 - ✔✔✔-Numbers &organisation:
THEN:
Around 200 local police forces - all run differently, Little co-operation between forces, 42,000
officers.
NOW:
126,818 officers (2015). Increase in 7% of female officers in England 1977 to 28% March 2015
Greater proportion of ethnic minority - from 1% in 1989 to 5.5% in 2015
Training & recruitment:
THEN:
Military drill the only training. * All police officers were male. * Low-quality & poorly paid
recruitments.
NOW:
14 weeks of basic training Specialist training at local police forces
Transport:
THEN:
Officers walked a 'beat' of up to 20 miles a day
NOW
Cars and motorbikes Helicopters Foot and bicycle patrol - for better community relations
, Paper 1 – Whitechapel + Crime and Punishment Revision Exam with Questions
and Answers – 100% Solved
Equipment:
THEN:
Whistle to call for help. * Wooden truncheon
NOW:
Pistols locked up at police station for emergencies. Pepper spray and CS gas Tasers Firearms for
specialist officers. Radios - two way telephone
Crime detection tools
THEN: Eyes & ears of the officer. * Witness statements.
NOW:
CCTV ANPR DNA Police National Computer
Record keeping
THEN:
Local record keeping was poor. * No national record of criminals.
NOW:
PNC police national computer
Main duties:
THEN
Dealing with crimes, especially petty theft. * Dealing with drunkenness
NOW
Several highly trained specialist units - fraud squad, drug squad Dealing with non-crime related
incidents: anti-social behavior, drunkenness, missing persons and mental health. Policing large
events such as football games and other gatherings
