PHARMACOLOGY MIDTERM ACTUAL TEST
PAPER 2026 FULL ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Drugs not safe to take with opioids
Answer: opioids, benzos, alcohol, CNS depressants, anti-histamines,
general anesthetics
⩥ Buprenorzhine and Naloxone
Answer: agonist-antagonist
⩥ Buprenorzhine and Naloxone benefit of combination
Answer: Naloxone is added to buprenorphine to decrease the likelihood
of diversion and misuse of the combination drug product
⩥ Treatment of chronic pain- Example: How should something like
osteoarthritis be treated?
Answer: Non Opioid medications - NSAIDs, cox-2 inhibitors
Nonpharmacologic tx - heat/cold, yoga, physical therapy, exercise,
healthy weight
⩥ When prescribing medication we must understand that liver function
declines with age due to what cause?
a. enlarged liver
,b. decreased blood flow to liver
c. increased activity of the hepatic enzymes
Answer: decreased blood flow to liver
a. decreased liver mass
c. decrease in enzyme activity
⩥ What is the most important cause of adverse drug reactions? (older
age)
a. high drug dosages
b. lack of monitoring medications
c. decreased renal excretion
d. overprescribing/polypharmacy
Answer: decreased renal excretion
⩥ Distribution of medication can be affected in the elderly in what
ways? SATA
1. decreased hormones
2. increased body fat
3. decreased lean mass
4. decreased albumin
Answer: 2, 3, 4
changes in body composition associated with age due to an increase in
body fat percentage and decrease in lean muscle mass. There is also a
, decrease in total body water. Distribution can also be impacted by
decreased total body water and decreased cardiac output. Absorption can
be impacted by increase gastric pH, decreased absorption surface area
decreased G.I. motility and decrease gastric emptying. Metabolism can
be impacted by de Cristo paddock blood flow, paddock mask, and
activity of hepatic enzymes. Excretion can be impacted by decreased
renal blood flow, decrease GFR, decrees to both secretion, and decrease
number of nephrons
⩥ An 82 year old male visits the clinic complaining that his pain
medications "take forever" to work after he takes his pill. What are
possible reasons you can explain to him?
1.Perhaps we need to increase your dosage.
2.Sometimes as you get older, absorption may be slower resulting in a
delayed response.
3.As we get older the gastric acid decreases and may slow absorption.
Answer: 2&3
⩥ Order of HTN medications typically prescribed
Answer: Thiazide diuretics
Ace Inhibitors
ARBS
CCB
BB
PAPER 2026 FULL ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Drugs not safe to take with opioids
Answer: opioids, benzos, alcohol, CNS depressants, anti-histamines,
general anesthetics
⩥ Buprenorzhine and Naloxone
Answer: agonist-antagonist
⩥ Buprenorzhine and Naloxone benefit of combination
Answer: Naloxone is added to buprenorphine to decrease the likelihood
of diversion and misuse of the combination drug product
⩥ Treatment of chronic pain- Example: How should something like
osteoarthritis be treated?
Answer: Non Opioid medications - NSAIDs, cox-2 inhibitors
Nonpharmacologic tx - heat/cold, yoga, physical therapy, exercise,
healthy weight
⩥ When prescribing medication we must understand that liver function
declines with age due to what cause?
a. enlarged liver
,b. decreased blood flow to liver
c. increased activity of the hepatic enzymes
Answer: decreased blood flow to liver
a. decreased liver mass
c. decrease in enzyme activity
⩥ What is the most important cause of adverse drug reactions? (older
age)
a. high drug dosages
b. lack of monitoring medications
c. decreased renal excretion
d. overprescribing/polypharmacy
Answer: decreased renal excretion
⩥ Distribution of medication can be affected in the elderly in what
ways? SATA
1. decreased hormones
2. increased body fat
3. decreased lean mass
4. decreased albumin
Answer: 2, 3, 4
changes in body composition associated with age due to an increase in
body fat percentage and decrease in lean muscle mass. There is also a
, decrease in total body water. Distribution can also be impacted by
decreased total body water and decreased cardiac output. Absorption can
be impacted by increase gastric pH, decreased absorption surface area
decreased G.I. motility and decrease gastric emptying. Metabolism can
be impacted by de Cristo paddock blood flow, paddock mask, and
activity of hepatic enzymes. Excretion can be impacted by decreased
renal blood flow, decrease GFR, decrees to both secretion, and decrease
number of nephrons
⩥ An 82 year old male visits the clinic complaining that his pain
medications "take forever" to work after he takes his pill. What are
possible reasons you can explain to him?
1.Perhaps we need to increase your dosage.
2.Sometimes as you get older, absorption may be slower resulting in a
delayed response.
3.As we get older the gastric acid decreases and may slow absorption.
Answer: 2&3
⩥ Order of HTN medications typically prescribed
Answer: Thiazide diuretics
Ace Inhibitors
ARBS
CCB
BB
